{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T11:43:35Z","timestamp":1776167015255,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776124800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776124800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Basic Research Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023YFC2507900"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFC2507900"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Basic Research Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022YFE0131200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFE0131200"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["World j. otorhinolaryngol.-head neck surg."],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Allergic rhinitis (AR) and non\u2010allergic rhinitis (NAR) share overlapping symptoms but differ in pathophysiology and treatment. Current AR diagnosis relies on skin prick testing (SPT) and serum IgE quantification, both of which are complex. This study aimed to develop a symptom\u2010based model for early AR detection, explore allergen\u2010symptom relationships, and evaluate its performance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Material and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A prospective cohort study was conducted at Wuhan Tongji Hospital between June 2024 and October 2024, enrolling 1150 patients with clinically suspected AR. Participants completed a visual analogue scale (VAS) questionnaire evaluating nasal symptoms (itching, congestion, sneezing, rhinorrhea), ocular symptoms, and overall discomfort, and the final diagnosis of AR was confirmed by SPT. Patients were randomly divided into training and test cohorts (8:2). Logistic regression (LR), the classic artificial intelligence\u2010machine learning algorithm, was used to build a prediction model after analyzing allergen\u2010symptom associations, with evaluation of discrimination, calibration, and clinical utility.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 758 patients (65.9%) were confirmed AR cases, and showed more severe nasal\/ocular symptoms than NAR. Dust mites were the most common allergen, correlated with animal dander (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&gt;\u20090.45) and negatively with age (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009\u22120.27), while allergen\u2010symptom specificity was generally low. Sneezing was the strongest AR predictor (AUC\u2009=\u20090.758) with the highest sensitivity, specificity, and F1 score, and the multivariable model combining all symptoms performed better (AUC\u2009=\u20090.771 training, 0.765 test), outperforming clinician experience. The model showed good calibration and stable performance across subgroups.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study developed a symptom\u2010based AR predictive model that outperformed clinician experience. Sneezing demonstrated the highest AUC value for prediction, and the multivariable LR model using nasal and ocular symptoms further improved accuracy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The findings support VAS\u2010based screening as a practical, cost\u2010effective tool for early AR detection, therapeutic interventions, and targeted patient education regarding allergen avoidance strategies, helping optimize AR management, minimizing diagnostic delays, and facilitating precision treatment decisions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/wjo2.70109","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T10:40:47Z","timestamp":1776163247000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Enhanced Early Detection of Allergic Rhinitis: A Prospective Study on a Symptom\u2010Based Predictive Model"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"given":"Ke\u2010Zhang","family":"Zhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2010Head and Neck Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China"},{"name":"Institute of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China"},{"name":"Hubei Clinical Research Center for Nasal Inflammatory Diseases Wuhan China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chao","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2010Head and Neck Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China"},{"name":"Institute of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China"},{"name":"Hubei Clinical Research Center for Nasal Inflammatory Diseases Wuhan China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Si\u2010Zhe","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2010Head and Neck Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China"},{"name":"Institute of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China"},{"name":"Hubei Clinical Research Center for Nasal Inflammatory Diseases Wuhan China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zheng","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology\u2010Head and Neck Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital Wuhan University Wuhan China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9182-4969","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ming","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2010Head and Neck Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China"},{"name":"Institute of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China"},{"name":"Hubei Clinical Research Center for Nasal Inflammatory Diseases Wuhan 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