{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,6]],"date-time":"2026-09-06T00:28:16Z","timestamp":1788654496814,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]],"date-time":"2026-05-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779667200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]],"date-time":"2026-05-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779667200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["World j. otorhinolaryngol.-head neck surg."],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Surgical consent documents are frequently written at reading levels exceeding average health literacy. Large language models (LLMs) may offer a scalable approach to generating clearer, procedure\u2010specific consent forms. This study evaluated the clarity, clinical accuracy, and acceptability of consent forms generated by GPT\u20104 and Claude for common otolaryngologic procedures.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Twenty AI\u2010generated consent forms (10 GPT\u20104.0, 10 Claude\u20102.1) were produced using standardized prompts. In a survey\u2010based, non\u2010clinical setting, five board\u2010certified otolaryngologists independently rated each form for medical accuracy, readability, comprehensibility, legal\/ethical sufficiency, and usability using a 4\u2010point scale. A cross\u2010sectional cohort of 300 English\u2010speaking adults (15 raters per form) evaluated perceived clarity and signing comfort on 5\u2010point Likert scales, and perceived trust using a binary (Yes\/No) item, and completed eight binary quality assessments. A blinded subgroup (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200910) compared AI\u2010generated and official national health system templates across five Likert domains. Readability was assessed using Flesch\u2013Kincaid Grade Level (FKGL).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Mean lay ratings for clarity across AI\u2010generated forms were high overall. Claude demonstrated numerically higher scores than GPT\u20104 for clarity (4.72 vs. 4.68), perceived trust (reported as proportions), and signing comfort (4.40 vs. 4.27). However, when analyzed at the form level, differences between models were not statistically significant for clarity (mean difference 0.04;\n                      <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\n                      (9)\u2009=\u2009\u22120.80;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.44) or signing comfort (mean difference 0.13,\n                      <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\n                      (9)\u2009=\u2009\u22121.68,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.13). Across binary domains, \u2265\u200995% of participants affirmed adequate explanation of risks, benefits, and alternatives. Experts rated GPT\u20104 more accurate than Claude (2.2 vs. 1.5,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.034). Mean Flesch\u2013Kincaid Grade Level was lower for AI\u2010generated forms compared to official templates. Although prompts targeted a 6th\u20138th grade reading level, achieved readability scores were slightly higher (8.8\u20139.4).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In a non\u2010clinical evaluation, AI\u2010generated consent forms were perceived as clear and clinically complete, with model\u2010specific trade\u2010offs between perceived clarity and clinical detail. These perception\u2010based findings\u2014reflecting participant ratings of clarity, perceived trust, and willingness to sign rather than objective comprehension\u2014are hypothesis\u2010generating, and prospective clinical and legal validation in more representative patient populations is required.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/wjo2.70118","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]],"date-time":"2026-05-26T04:16:49Z","timestamp":1779769009000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Comprehensive Evaluation of AI Consent Forms in Otolaryngologic Surgery"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-0651-6994","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sholem","family":"Hack","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"City St. Georges University London School of Medicine, Program Delivered by University of Nicosia at the Chaim Sheba Medical Center Ramat Gan Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Attal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"City St. Georges University London School of Medicine, Program Delivered by University of Nicosia at the Chaim Sheba Medical Center Ramat Gan Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Armin","family":"Farzad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"City St. Georges University London School of Medicine, Program Delivered by University of Nicosia Ramat Gan Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lilia Ann","family":"Crew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Touro College of Osteopathic Medicine Montana USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shmuel","family":"Silverstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"New York Institute of Technology College Of Osteopathic Medicine  USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacob E.","family":"Karni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Washington University in St. Louis St. Louis Missouri USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nir","family":"Livneh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology Sheba Medical Center Ramat Gan Israel"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine Tel\u2010Aviv University Tel\u2010Aviv Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shibli","family":"Alsleibi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology Sheba Medical Center Ramat Gan Israel"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine Tel\u2010Aviv University Tel\u2010Aviv Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naseem","family":"Saleh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology Sheba Medical Center Ramat Gan Israel"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine Tel\u2010Aviv University Tel\u2010Aviv Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ben","family":"Gvili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology Sheba Medical Center Ramat Gan Israel"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine Tel\u2010Aviv University Tel\u2010Aviv Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Yogev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology Sheba Medical Center Ramat Gan Israel"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine Tel\u2010Aviv University Tel\u2010Aviv Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Remer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology Sheba Medical Center Ramat Gan Israel"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine Tel\u2010Aviv University Tel\u2010Aviv Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eran E.","family":"Alon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology Sheba Medical Center Ramat Gan Israel"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine Tel\u2010Aviv University Tel\u2010Aviv Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gil","family":"Siegal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology Sheba Medical Center Ramat Gan Israel"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine Tel\u2010Aviv University Tel\u2010Aviv Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masayoshi","family":"Takashima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2010Head and Neck Surgery Houston Methodist Hospital Houston USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Habib G.","family":"Zalzal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Otolaryngology\u2010Head and Neck Surgery Children's National Hospital Washington District of Columbia Washington 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