{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T09:16:50Z","timestamp":1788513410743,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,20]],"date-time":"2025-06-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750377600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,20]],"date-time":"2025-06-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750377600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["World j. surg."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Seroma formation is a prevalent complication following mastectomy, causing significant discomfort and morbidity. Despite advancements in surgical techniques, optimal postoperative management of seroma remains challenging. This study compares the efficacy of two commonly used surgical drains, flat\u2010silicone drains and round\u2010silicone perforated drains in reducing prolonged seroma formation, and evaluates associated patient outcomes such as pain and wound complications.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This open\u2010labeled, single\u2010blinded, randomized controlled trial was conducted at the Universiti Malaya Medical Center from August 2022 to August 2023. Patients undergoing mastectomy were allocated to receive either flat\u2010silicone or round\u2010silicone perforated drains. Data collected encompassed baseline demographics, surgical details, and postoperative outcomes. Pain assessments were conducted on postoperative Day 3 and during drain removal using an 11\u2010point numeric rating scale (NRS). Complications such as blocked drains, surgical site infections, hematoma, and skin necrosis were documented. Statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS version 27.0, following the intention\u2010to\u2010treat principle. Categorical variables were analyzed with the chi\u2010squared test. Continuous variables underwent normality assessment via the Shapiro\u2013Wilk test; those with normal distribution were compared using the Student's t\u2010test, whereas nonnormally distributed variables were evaluated using the Mann\u2013Whitney\n                      <jats:italic>U<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2010test. A\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2010value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Prolonged seroma was observed in 32.5% of patients in the flat\u2010silicone drain group and 37.5% in the round\u2010silicone perforated drain group, with no statistically significant difference (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.639). However, pain scores were significantly lower in the flat\u2010silicone drain group at all time points: Day 3 (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.041), before removal (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.003), and during removal (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.004). Both groups showed low and comparable rates of wound complications, including infections and blocked drains.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Although both drain types demonstrated similar efficacy in managing prolonged seroma, the flat\u2010silicone drain offered a significant advantage in reducing patient pain during the postoperative period. These findings suggest that flat\u2010silicone drain may enhance patient comfort and satisfaction, underscoring the importance of considering patient\u2010centered outcomes in surgical care.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/wjs.12666","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,20]],"date-time":"2025-06-20T23:24:51Z","timestamp":1750461891000},"page":"1731-1737","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Efficacy of Flat\u2010Silicone Versus Round\u2010Silicone Perforated Drains in Seroma Formation and Other Outcomes Following Mastectomy: A Single\u2010Blinded Randomized Controlled Trial"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"49","author":[{"given":"Chieng\u2010Loo","family":"Ling","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery Faculty of Medicine Universiti Malaya  Kuala Lumpur Malaysia"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine Universiti Malaya  Kuala Lumpur Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mee\u2010Hoong","family":"See","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery Faculty of Medicine Universiti Malaya  Kuala Lumpur Malaysia"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine Universiti Malaya  Kuala Lumpur Malaysia"},{"name":"Breast and Endocrine Surgery Unit Department of Surgery Faculty of Medicine Universiti Malaya  Kuala Lumpur Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li Ying","family":"Teoh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Breast and Endocrine Surgery Unit Department of Surgery Faculty of Medicine Universiti Malaya  Kuala Lumpur Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing Hui","family":"Ng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine Universiti Malaya  Kuala Lumpur Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoke Kiet","family":"Doon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Breast and Endocrine Surgery Unit Department of Surgery Faculty of Medicine Universiti Malaya  Kuala Lumpur Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lee Lee","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine Universiti Malaya  Kuala Lumpur Malaysia"},{"name":"Department of Nursing Science Faculty of Medicine Universiti Malaya  Kuala Lumpur Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.20134"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","volume-title":"Malaysia National Cancer Registry Report (MNCR) 2012\u20132016","author":"Azizah A. M.","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","unstructured":"Malaysian Study on Cancer Survival (MySCan) https:\/\/www.moh.gov.my\/moh\/resources\/Penerbitan\/Laporan\/Umum\/Malaysian_Study_on_Cancer_Survival_MySCan_2018.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7314\/apjcp.2013.14.8.4591"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21319"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.cn112139\u201020231117\u201000226"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2325\/jbcs.12.288"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0748\u20107983(03)00096\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2020.10.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006823.pub2"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1245\/s10434\u2010022\u201011350\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1308\/003588411X13020150727480"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18203\/2320\u20106012.ijrms20240515"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/SAP.0000000000003573"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.PRS.0000481102.24444.72"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/gox.0000000000005261"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.PRS.0000160696.19137.37"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3978\/J.ISSN.2072\u20101439.2015.12.29"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_20_1","first-page":"341","volume-title":"Acute Postoperative and Posttraumatic Pain","author":"Johnson S. D.","year":"2024"}],"container-title":["World Journal of Surgery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/wjs.12666","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/wjs.12666","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/wjs.12666","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T08:56:08Z","timestamp":1788512168000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/wjs.12666"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,20]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/wjs.12666"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/wjs.12666","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0364-2313","1432-2323"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0364-2313","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-2323","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,20]]}}}