{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T06:47:29Z","timestamp":1792392449792,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792281600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792281600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100020217","name":"Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100020217","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["World j. surg."],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Benign thyroid nodules are common, but the contribution of the intranodular microenvironment to local inflammation remains incompletely understood. Thyroid colloid has traditionally been regarded primarily as a reservoir for thyroid hormone precursors, although it may also contain inflammatory mediators. We therefore explored the response of THP\u20101\u2010derived macrophages to colloid obtained from benign thyroid nodules and compared this response with exposure to matched patient serum and healthy donor serum.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Thyroid colloid and serum samples (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a010) were collected from patients undergoing hemithyroidectomy for benign nodules. Additionally, serum samples from age\u2010 and sex\u2010matched healthy controls (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a010) were obtained. They were centrifuged at 1500 rpm for 10\u00a0minutes and stored at \u221280\u00b0C. THP\u20101 monocytes were differentiated into macrophages using phorbol\u201012\u2010myristate\u201013\u2010acetate (PMA) and exposed to thyroid colloid, matched patient serum, or healthy donor serum. Expression of M1\u2010associated (IL12\u00a0B, IL23\u00a0A, NOS2, and CD80) and M2\u2010associated (ARG1, CD206, CD163, CD68, and IL10) genes was quantified by quantitative real\u2010time PCR. Cytokine secretion was determined using an enzyme\u2010linked immunosorbent assay.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>THP\u20101\u2010derived macrophages exposed to thyroid nodule colloid showed significant upregulation of M1\u2010associated markers, including IL12\u00a0B, IL23\u00a0A, NOS2, and CD80, compared with macrophages exposed to patient serum or healthy donor serum. Expression of several M2\u2010associated genes, including IL10, CD163, and CD68, was reduced following colloid exposure. Colloid\u2010exposed macrophages also showed higher secretion of IL\u20101\u03b2, IL\u20106, and IL\u201017, whereas IL\u201010 levels remained unchanged. These findings indicate a pro\u2010inflammatory M1\u2010associated transcriptional and secretory response to thyroid nodule colloid under the present in vitro conditions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Exposure to benign thyroid nodule colloid was associated with a pro\u2010inflammatory M1\u2010associated response in THP\u20101\u2010derived macrophages in vitro. Because non\u2010nodular thyroid colloid was not available as a biologically matched comparator, these findings cannot establish that this response is specific to nodule\u2010derived colloid or that colloid is a causal driver of inflammation in vivo. Studies using non\u2010nodular thyroid comparators and primary patient\u2010derived macrophages are required to validate the specificity and biological relevance of this observation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Trial Registry Registration No<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>8638 dated January 22, 2023<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/wjs.70635","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T06:33:46Z","timestamp":1792391626000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Thyroid Nodule Colloid Is Associated With a Pro\u2010Inflammatory Response in THP\u20101\u2010Derived Macrophages: An Exploratory In Vitro Study"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9450-5696","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohit Kumar","family":"Rai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Immunology &amp; Rheumatology Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences  Lucknow India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1941-7231","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Spandana","family":"Jagannath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrine Surgery Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences  Lucknow India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2621-394X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mayilvaganan","family":"Sabaretnam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrine Surgery Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences  Lucknow India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gyan","family":"Chand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrine Surgery Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences  Lucknow India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anjali","family":"Mishra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrine Surgery Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences  Lucknow India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5035-7396","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Durga Prasanna","family":"Misra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Immunology &amp; Rheumatology Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences  Lucknow India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4508-1233","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vikas","family":"Agarwal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Immunology &amp; Rheumatology Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences  Lucknow India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4194-2670","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gaurav","family":"Agarwal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Immunology &amp; Rheumatology Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences  Lucknow India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","volume-title":"StatPearls [Internet]","author":"Zamora E. 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