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Liposomes can be massively produced under good manufacturing practices and stored for long periods, at high antigen\/vesicle mass ratios. However, their uptake by antigen\u2010presenting cells (APC) at the inductive sites remains as a major challenge. As neurotoxicity is a major concern in intranasal delivery, complexes between archaeosomes and calcium as well as cationic liposomes complexed with plasmids encoding for antigenic proteins could safely elicit secretory and systemic antigen\u2010specific immune responses. Oral bilosomes generate intense immune responses that remain to be tested against challenge, but the admixing with toxins or derivatives is mandatory to reduce the amount of antigen. Most of the current experimental designs, however, underestimate the mucus blanket 100\u2010 to 1000\u2010fold thicker than a 100\u2010nm diameter liposome, which has first to be penetrated to access the underlying M cells. Overall, designing mucoadhesive chemoenzymatic resistant liposomes, or selectively targeted to M cells, has produced less relevant results than tailoring the liposomes to make them mucus penetrating. Opposing, the nearly 10 \u00b5m thickness stratum corneum interposed between liposomes and underlying APC can be surpassed by ultradeformable liposomes (UDL), with lipid matrices that penetrate up to the limit with the viable epidermis. UDL made of phospholipids and detergents, proved to be better transfection agents than conventional liposomes and niosomes, without the toxicity of ethosomes, in the absence of classical immunomodulators. <jats:italic>WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol<\/jats:italic> 2011 3 356\u2013375 DOI: 10.1002\/wnan.131<\/jats:p><jats:p>This article is categorized under:\n<jats:list list-type=\"explicit-label\">\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery &gt; Nanomedicine for Infectious Disease<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Nanotechnology Approaches to Biology &gt; Nanoscale Systems in Biology<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<\/jats:list><\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/wnan.131","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,26]],"date-time":"2011-02-26T16:08:15Z","timestamp":1298736495000},"page":"356-375","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Topical and mucosal liposomes for vaccine 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