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The perspective of developing nanotechnology\u2010based systems for topical microbicides seems to be useful because important features such as enhanced drug release, targeting, and epithelial penetration can be achieved. However, the interaction of nanoparticles with the mucus fluids that cover the cervicovaginal mucosal epithelium, which can work either as a docking point or as a barrier for diffusion, has been frequently neglected. In this review, we discuss the principles of nanosystems' adhesion to the mucosal tissue and how this relates to the development of optimized microbicide formulations. <jats:italic>WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol<\/jats:italic> 2011 3 389\u2013399 DOI: 10.1002\/wnan.144<\/jats:p><jats:p>This article is categorized under:\n<jats:list list-type=\"explicit-label\">\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery &gt; Nanomedicine for Infectious Disease<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Nanotechnology Approaches to Biology &gt; Nanoscale Systems in Biology<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<\/jats:list><\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/wnan.144","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,4,19]],"date-time":"2011-04-19T13:55:12Z","timestamp":1303221312000},"page":"389-399","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":82,"title":["Mucoadhesive nanosystems for vaginal microbicide development: friend or foe?"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"das Neves","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mansoor","family":"Amiji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruno","family":"Sarmento","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,4,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-012491543-5\/50008-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470259818.ch22"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_2_2","unstructured":"UNAIDS\/WHO.AIDS Epidemic Update 2009. 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