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To overcome these barriers, frequent intravitreal injections are currently used to achieve high drug concentrations in vitreous and retina. However, these repetitive injections may result in several side effects. Recent advancements in the field of nanoparticle\u2010based drug delivery could overcome some of these unmet needs and various preclinical studies conducted to date have demonstrated promising results of nanotherapies in the treatment of retinal diseases. Compared to the majority of commercially available ocular implants, the biodegradable nature of most nanoparticles (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NPs<\/jats:styled-content>) avoids the need for surgical implantation and removal after the release of the payload. In addition, the sustained drug release from <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NPs<\/jats:styled-content> over an extended period of time reduces the need for frequent intravitreal injections and the risk of associated side effects. The nanometer size and highly modifiable surface properties make <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NPs<\/jats:styled-content> excellent candidates for targeted ocular drug delivery. Studies have shown that nanocarriers enhance the intravitreal half\u2010life and thus bioavailability of a number of drugs including proteins and peptides. In addition, they have shown promising results in delivering genetic material to the retinal tissues by protecting it from possible intravitreal degradation. This review covers the various challenges associated with drug delivery to the posterior segment of the eye, particularly the retina, and highlights the application of nanocarriers to overcome these challenges in context with recent advances in preclinical studies. <jats:italic>WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol<\/jats:italic> 2018, 10:e1473. doi: 10.1002\/wnan.1473<\/jats:p><jats:p>This article is categorized under:\n<jats:list list-type=\"explicit-label\">\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery &gt; Emerging Technologies<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Implantable Materials and Surgical Technologies &gt; Nanomaterials and Implants<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<\/jats:list>\n<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/wnan.1473","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,20]],"date-time":"2017-04-20T05:09:17Z","timestamp":1492664957000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":120,"title":["Nanocarrier mediated retinal drug delivery: 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