{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T14:17:42Z","timestamp":1790777862274,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":102,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,7]],"date-time":"2019-02-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1549497600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000069","name":"National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AR054458"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AR054458"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000069","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["wires.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\u201cOff the shelf\u201d allogeneic stem cell transplants and stem cell nano\u2010composites are being used for the treatment of degenerative bone diseases. However, major and minor histocompatibility antigens of therapeutic cell transplants can be recognized as foreign and lead to their rejection by the host immune system. If a host immune response is identified within the first week post\u2010transplant, immune modulating therapies could be applied to prevent graft failure and support engraftment. Ferumoxytol (Feraheme\u2122) is an FDA approved iron oxide nanoparticle preparation for the treatment of anemia in patients. Ferumoxytol can be used \u201coff label\u201d as an magnetic resonance (MR) contrast agent, as these nanoparticles provide measurable signal changes on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In this focused review article, we will discuss three methods to localize and identify innate immune responses to stem cell transplants using ferumoxytol\u2010enhanced MRI, which are based on tracking stem cells, tracking macrophages or detecting mediators of cell death: (a) monitor MRI signal changes of ferumoxytol\u2010labeled stem cells in the presence or absence of innate immune responses, (b) monitor influx of ferumoxytol\u2010labeled macrophages into stem cell implants, and (c) monitor apoptosis of stem cell implants with caspase\u20103 activatable nanoparticles. These techniques can detect transplant failure at an early stage, when immune\u2010modulating interventions can potentially preserve the viability of the cell transplants and thereby improve bone and cartilage repair outcomes. Approaches 1 and 2 are immediately translatable to clinical practice.<\/jats:p><jats:p>This article is categorized under:\n<jats:list list-type=\"simple\">\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Diagnostic Tools &gt; in vivo Nanodiagnostics and Imaging<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Nanotechnology Approaches to Biology &gt; Cells at the Nanoscale<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Diagnostic Tools &gt; Biosensing<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<\/jats:list>\n<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/wnan.1552","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,8]],"date-time":"2019-02-08T02:42:58Z","timestamp":1549593778000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Magnetic resonance imaging of stem cell\u2013macrophage interactions with ferumoxytol and ferumoxytol\u2010derived nanoparticles"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Hossein","family":"Nejadnik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS) Stanford University  Stanford California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Tseng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS) Stanford University  Stanford California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heike","family":"Daldrup\u2010Link","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS) Stanford University  Stanford California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0959-9673.2005.00420.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2006.10.072"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.TEA.2011.0537"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.157.6.2577"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20011794"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/stem.1066"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002281-200209000-00017"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2017170536"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11138\/ccmbm\/2016.13.2.101"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm0611-662"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10856-014-5240-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2005-03-1288"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2017.10.036"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2376"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mric.2011.02.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12265-008-9062-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/157488812799219036"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.284075111"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.796888"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/138161212799859648"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2017161139"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4172\/2157-7633.1000165"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-001-1270-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/scrt75"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0905444107"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MOT.0b013e3283424faa"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a015560"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","first-page":"107","article-title":"Cell\u2010based therapies for regenerating bone","volume":"64","author":"Goodman S. 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