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In particular, T\u2010cell\u2010based engineered immune cells are a powerful new class of therapeutics with remarkable efficacy. Clinical experience has helped to define some of the major challenges for reliable, safe, and effective deployment of T\u2010cells against a broad range of diseases. While poised to revolutionize immunotherapy, scalable manufacturing, safety, specificity, and the development of resistance are potential roadblocks in their widespread usage. The development of molecular engineering tools to allow for the direct or indirect engineering of T\u2010cells to enable one to troubleshoot delivery issues, amplify immunomodulatory effects, integrate the synergistic effects of different molecules, and home to the target cells in vivo. In this review, we will analyze thus\u2010far developed cell\u2010 and material\u2010based tools for enhancing T\u2010cell therapies, including methods to improve safety and specificity, enhancing efficacy, and overcoming limitations in scalable manufacturing. We summarize the potential of T\u2010cells as immune modulating therapies and the potential future directions for enabling their adoption for a broad range of diseases.<\/jats:p><jats:p>This article is categorized under:\n<jats:list list-type=\"simple\">\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Nanotechnology Approaches to Biology &gt; Nanoscale Systems in Biology<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery &gt; Nanomedicine for Oncologic Disease<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Nanotechnology Approaches to Biology &gt; Cells at the Nanoscale<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<\/jats:list>\n<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/wnan.1557","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,12]],"date-time":"2019-04-12T02:44:22Z","timestamp":1555037062000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Applications of molecular engineering in T\u2010cell\u2010based immunotherapies"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"David A.","family":"McBride","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nanoengineering University of California  San Diego California"},{"name":"Program in Chemical Engineering University of California  San Diego California"},{"name":"Center for Nano\u2010Immuno Engineering University of California  San Diego California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matthew D.","family":"Kerr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nanoengineering University of California  San Diego California"},{"name":"Program in Chemical Engineering University of California  San Diego California"},{"name":"Center for Nano\u2010Immuno Engineering University of California  San Diego California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shinya L.","family":"Wai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nanoengineering University of 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