{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T04:11:38Z","timestamp":1791605498179,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":193,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,2]],"date-time":"2021-02-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612224000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010434","name":"\u201cla Caixa\u201d Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LCF\/BQ\/SO16\/52270018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LCF\/BQ\/SO16\/52270018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010434","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011033","name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CEX2018\u2010000789\u2010S"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEX2018\u2010000789\u2010S"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011033","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002809","name":"Generalitat de Catalunya","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2017 SGR 1148"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017 SGR 1148"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010663","name":"H2020 European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["866348"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["866348"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014440","name":"Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaci\u00f3n y Universidades","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RTI2018\u2010098164\u2010B\u2010I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RTI2018\u2010098164\u2010B\u2010I00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["wires.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Biohybrid robotics is a field in which biological entities are combined with artificial materials in order to obtain improved performance or features that are difficult to mimic with hand\u2010made materials. Three main level of integration can be envisioned depending on the complexity of the biological entity, ranging from the nanoscale to the macroscale. At the nanoscale, enzymes that catalyze biocompatible reactions can be used as power sources for self\u2010propelled nanoparticles of different geometries and compositions, obtaining rather interesting active matter systems that acquire importance in the biomedical field as drug delivery systems. At the microscale, single enzymes are substituted by complete cells, such as bacteria or spermatozoa, whose self\u2010propelling capabilities can be used to transport cargo and can also be used as drug delivery systems, for in vitro fertilization practices or for biofilm removal. Finally, at the macroscale, the combinations of millions of cells forming tissues can be used to power biorobotic devices or bioactuators by using muscle cells. Both cardiac and skeletal muscle tissue have been part of remarkable examples of untethered biorobots that can crawl or swim due to the contractions of the tissue and current developments aim at the integration of several types of tissue to obtain more realistic biomimetic devices, which could lead to the next generation of hybrid robotics. Tethered bioactuators, however, result in excellent candidates for tissue models for drug screening purposes or the study of muscle myopathies due to their three\u2010dimensional architecture.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    This article is categorized under:\n                    <jats:list list-type=\"simple\">\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery &gt; Emerging Technologies<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>Nanotechnology Approaches to Biology &gt; Nanoscale Systems in Biology<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                    <\/jats:list>\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/wnan.1703","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,6]],"date-time":"2021-02-06T04:50:08Z","timestamp":1612587008000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":55,"title":["Biohybrid robotics: From the nanoscale to the macroscale"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2460-4234","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafael","family":"Mestre","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST) Barcelona Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9979-7926","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tania","family":"Pati\u00f1o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST) Barcelona Spain"},{"name":"Chemistry Department University of Rome Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9713-9997","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samuel","family":"S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST) Barcelona Spain"},{"name":"Instituci\u00f3 Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avan\u00e7ats (ICREA) Barcelona Spain"},{"name":"School of Materials Science and Engineering Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen Shenzhen China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c3cc44614j"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cctc.201301016"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.5b07689"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aao6139"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Akiyama Y. Iwabuchi K. Furukawa Y. &Morishima K.(2008).Biological contractile regulation of micropillar actuator driven by insect dorsal vessel tissue. In2008 2nd IEEE RAS & EMBS international conference on biomedical robotics and biomechatronics Scottsdale AZ. pp. 501\u2013505.","DOI":"10.1109\/BIOROB.2008.4762909"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/B809299K"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10544-012-9700-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.102.048104"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.34133\/2020\/2424972"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-10726-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1907051116"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C1SM06512B"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0031598"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/RevModPhys.88.045006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsta.2009.0011"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_15_1","unstructured":"Biomimicry Institute. (2019).The biomimicry institute\u2014Examples of nature\u2010inspired sustainable design.Biomimcry 101.https:\/\/biomimicry.org\/biomimicry-examples\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.3330"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.tea.2011.0341"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaf9414"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C4SM00340C"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-648X\/aadc95"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c1an15599g"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.201400384"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep00857"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-3190\/ab7762"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/70.481753"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41578-018-0022-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1401577111"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/micronano.2017.15"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms9999"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2017.01.035"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aay0855"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.124.108001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0910426107"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201601842"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1209\/0295-5075\/106\/58003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.85.020401"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4801810"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1146885"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.201701631"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nnano.2016.137"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/b414896g"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14356007.a13_001.pub2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ja203773g"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1367-2630\/aae732"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.94.220801"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1367-2630\/9\/5\/126"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_47_1","unstructured":"Greshko M.(2019).Meet Sophia the robot that looks almost human.Natl. Geogr. Mag.https:\/\/www.nationalgeographic.com\/photography\/proof\/2018\/05\/sophia-robot-artificial-intelligence-science\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_48_1","article-title":"Bio\u2010hybrid soft robots with self\u2010stimulating skeletons authors","author":"Guix M.","year":"2020","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/nn301175b"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1389-0352(01)00029-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.1500758"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C6LC00681G"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.8b06610"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202002767"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201705086"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scirobotics.abd2823"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2016.09.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.99.048102"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201006464"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C7CS00087A"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1521-3773(20020215)41:4<652::AID-ANIE652>3.0.CO;2-U"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scirobotics.aaz6451"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.1700362"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.5038337"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.3413"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.8b03494"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.accounts.6b00386"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aao1755"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.5121440"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.5142470"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10544-012-9701-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim J. Park J. Lee J. Yoon E. Park J. & Park S. (2008).Biohybrid microsystems actuated by cardiomyocytes: Microcantilever microrobot and micropump. In2008 IEEE international conference on robotics and automation Pasadena CA. pp. 880\u2013885.","DOI":"10.1109\/ROBOT.2008.4543316"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/b705367c"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.201901137"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2016.03.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1521342113"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201305506"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0900174106"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat4782"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.9b06706"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.6b06857"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.5b03100"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tet.2017.06.048"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.5b08067"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.04885"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201302544"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.201502391"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ja053937e"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_89_1","unstructured":"Markoff J.(2013).Modest debut of atlas may foreshadow age of \u2018robo sapiens\u2019.NYTimes.com."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10544-012-9696-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0278364908100924"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2402221"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201203002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.200801589"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c0cs00078g"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1758-5090\/7\/3\/035003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_97_1","article-title":"3D\u2010printed drug testing platform based on a 3D model of aged human skeletal muscle","author":"Mestre R.","year":"2020","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_98_1","unstructured":"Mestre R. Palacios L. S. Miguel\u2010L\u00f3pez A. Arqu\u00e9 X. Pagonabarraga I. & S\u00e1nchez S. (2020).Extraction of the propulsive speed of catalytic nano\u2010 and micro\u2010motors under different motion dynamics.ArXiv. arXiv:2007.15316v1."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/admt.201800631"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-95972-6_33"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_101_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-24741-6_18"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_102_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/tea.2007.0104"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_103_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scirobotics.aat4440"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_104_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.5127204"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_105_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.2269"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_106_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat2442"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_107_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acscentsci.6b00254"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_108_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201703678"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_109_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep19614"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_110_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1758-5090\/8\/4\/042001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_111_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201801145"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_112_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-32-342993-1.00015-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_113_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/B715310D"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_114_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.7b03207"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_115_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bit.25007"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_116_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0960-1317\/16\/8\/024"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_117_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ac0507800"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_118_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaf4292"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_119_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep01581"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_120_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.8b05762"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_121_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.accounts.8b00288"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_122_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.8b03460"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_123_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C6LC90088G"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_124_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.8b04794"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_125_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ja047697z"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_126_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41563-020-0736-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_127_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C6CC09169E"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_128_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00595.2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_129_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1119\/1.10903"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_130_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.201700496"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_131_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1516139113"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_132_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.201700030"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_133_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.9b06869"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_134_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10544-012-9697-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_135_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scirobotics.aaq0495"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_136_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1140\/epjst\/e2012-01529-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_137_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.progpolymsci.2015.08.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_138_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2006596117"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_139_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14543"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_140_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10544-014-9876-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_141_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c2lc40338b"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_142_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201406096"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_143_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ja104362r"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_144_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.7b00441"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_145_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1116564108"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_146_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C4RA02202E"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_147_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.201670097"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_148_1","unstructured":"Skloot R.(2010).The immortal life of henrietta lacks. Portland OR."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_149_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/nn405075d"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_150_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.200900021"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_151_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.200902376"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_152_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/nn204762w"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_153_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.7b04128"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_154_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/admi.201500505","article-title":"Biohybrid Janus motors driven by Escherichia coli","volume":"3","author":"Stanton M. M.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Advanced Materials Interfaces"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_155_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/soro.2013.0002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_156_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202000213"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_157_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-44116-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_158_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scirobotics.aba6137"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_159_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/soro.2014.0008"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_160_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C4SM02317J"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_161_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aisy.202000087"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_162_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.20931"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_163_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.7b07220"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_164_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C7NR04527A"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_165_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.1500501"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_166_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/act9010003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_167_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.7b04779"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_168_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c2lc00003b"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_169_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/nn3028997"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_170_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202008339"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_171_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2017.03.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_172_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/la0615950"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_173_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-42417-0_33"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_174_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-63537-8_40"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_175_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scirobotics.aap9281"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_176_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature19100"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_177_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms4081"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_178_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201004625"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_179_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/am502458h"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_180_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aat4388"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_181_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat1308"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_182_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.7b06398"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_183_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C7CS00516D"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_184_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201603250"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_185_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201801910"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_186_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scirobotics.aaz3867"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_187_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201804130"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_188_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmt.2019.07.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_189_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c3ra23128c"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_190_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nchem.2905"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_191_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep11403"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_192_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep32135"}],"container-title":["WIREs Nanomedicine and Nanobiotechnology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/wnan.1703","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/wnan.1703","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/wires.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/wnan.1703","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,20]],"date-time":"2023-10-20T10:08:11Z","timestamp":1697796491000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/wires.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/wnan.1703"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,2]]},"references-count":193,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/wnan.1703"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/wnan.1703","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1939-5116","1939-0041"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1939-5116","type":"print"},{"value":"1939-0041","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-09-29","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-01-10","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-02-02","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e1703"}}