{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T14:15:11Z","timestamp":1791555311742,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":107,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]],"date-time":"2025-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759190400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":29,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003030","name":"Ag\u00e8ncia de Gesti\u00f3 d'Ajuts Universitaris i de Recerca","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021FI_B00118"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021FI_B00118"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003030","name":"Ag\u00e8ncia de Gesti\u00f3 d'Ajuts Universitaris i de Recerca","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021SGR01545"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021SGR01545"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003030","name":"Ag\u00e8ncia de Gesti\u00f3 d'Ajuts Universitaris i de Recerca","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ICREA Academia 2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ICREA Academia 2025"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003329","name":"Ministerio de Econom\u00eda y Competitividad","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PDC2022\u2010133577\u2010I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PDC2022\u2010133577\u2010I00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003329","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003329","name":"Ministerio de Econom\u00eda y Competitividad","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PID2021\u2010125801OB\u2010100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2021\u2010125801OB\u2010100"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003329","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003329","name":"Ministerio de Econom\u00eda y Competitividad","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PLEC2022\u2010009356"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PLEC2022\u2010009356"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003329","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["wires.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Nanomaterials are a rapidly advancing tool with applications across various scientific fields. However, their interactions with living organisms have raised numerous safety concerns, making it crucial to develop reliable models to predict and evaluate associated toxicity effects. Traditional in\u00a0vitro assays fail to mimic the true physiological responses of living organisms to nanomaterials, whereas murine and other in\u00a0vivo models are time\u2010consuming, costly, and ethically controversial. The greater wax moth,\n                    <jats:italic>Galleria mellonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    , has emerged as a promising in\u00a0vivo model for nanotoxicology, serving as an effective bridge between in\u00a0vitro and in\u00a0vivo mammalian testing. This model combines simplicity and ethical viability with a human\u2010conserved innate immune system, making it ideal for immunotoxicity testing. While it cannot fully replace more complex animal models,\n                    <jats:italic>G. mellonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    represents a valuable alternative for early\u2010stage nanotoxicology screening and deserves greater recognition and integration into toxicological research. In this review, we examine all the methodologies and applications of\n                    <jats:italic>G. mellonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    in nanotoxicological studies, highlighting its potential as a reliable and ethical model for assessing nanomaterial safety.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    This article is categorized under:\n                    <jats:list list-type=\"simple\">\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>Toxicology and Regulatory Issues in Nanomedicine &gt; Toxicology of Nanomaterials<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                    <\/jats:list>\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/wnan.70033","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T04:12:46Z","timestamp":1759291966000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["<scp>\n                      <i>Galleria mellonella<\/i>\n                    <\/scp>\n                    as a Simple Yet Reliable In\u00a0Vivo Model for Nanotoxicology: Techniques and Applications"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4784-1072","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"N\u00faria","family":"Blanco\u2010Cabra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Bacterial Infections and Antimicrobial Therapy Group (BIAT) Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST)  Barcelona Spain"},{"name":"Microbiology Section, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Faculty of Biology University of Barcelona  Barcelona Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0063-6768","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joana","family":"Admella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bacterial Infections and Antimicrobial Therapy Group (BIAT) Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST)  Barcelona Spain"},{"name":"Microbiology Section, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Faculty of Biology University of Barcelona  Barcelona Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3010-1609","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eduard","family":"Torrents","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bacterial Infections and Antimicrobial Therapy Group (BIAT) Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST)  Barcelona Spain"},{"name":"Microbiology Section, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Faculty of Biology University of Barcelona  Barcelona Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232113483"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jip.2023.107975"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14112463"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2011.11.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00426"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40974\u2010018\u20100086\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wnan.1944"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202000598"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nano11071807"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/ftox.2024.1470439"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2025.2493221"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15376516.2020.1828521"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jisesa\/ieab046"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23147597"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204\u2010010\u20100560\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpc.2018.06.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17435390.2020.1815886"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01480545.2023.2217484"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb15030051"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2013.05.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.2c00128"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2397847318755579"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01480545.2022.2091589"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","first-page":"101","article-title":"3R Principle and Alternative Toxicity Testing Methods","volume":"36","author":"Erkeko\u011flu P.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Fabad Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01480545.2021.1892948"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s42690\u2010021\u201000551\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01480545.2022.2139842"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10646\u2010019\u201002078\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00133"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202310540"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4161\/viru.1.6.12985"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2016.09.043"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/arch.21588"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010019\u201046013\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s11671\u2010024\u201004118\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9783527689125.ch7"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22084216"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wnan.166"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfv106"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104\u2010017\u20102757\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.566309"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8030390"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.00895\u201000817"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2024.156804"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1517\/17425247.2011.554818"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15430\/jcp.2021.26.2.83"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2019.02.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2008.08.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/ftox.2022.1093765"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c9nr09661b"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nano12111810"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26216536"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev\u2010ento\u2010011118\u2010112007"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.5133"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2020.11.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10565\u2010016\u20109329\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21691401.2024.2407617"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748\u2010720X.2012.00707.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.782733"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1379471"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10646\u2010022\u201002531\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8111798"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbt.2020.08.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.129235"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010018\u201036829\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41573\u2010019\u20100025\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smim.2021.101542"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577\u2010020\u20100285\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17435390.2018.1546413"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2025.111511"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.127203"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/femspd\/ftaa056"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10121545"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2022.152317"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/24750263.2024.2308529"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12030505"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2020.1731137"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/ijn.s120104"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1556\/030.66.2019.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9020284"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2005.02.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matpr.2020.05.755"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2015.1135289"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356\u2010021\u201013409\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00128\u2010021\u201003261\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00128\u2010023\u201003715\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00128\u2010018\u20102529\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.34509"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2023.112452"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204\u2010020\u201002940\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nano15010067"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471\u20102164\u201012\u2010308"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comtox.2022.100225"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951\u2010019\u20100459\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2024.133864"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2022.120082"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/cyto.1998.0481"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/femspd\/ftaa057"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1385863"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_101_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinsphys.2022.104401"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_102_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2023.122408"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_103_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.766138"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_104_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nano11020496"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_105_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03601234.2018.1530545"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_106_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wnan.1850"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_107_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2024.120039"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_11_108_1","first-page":"89","article-title":"Influence of Dietary Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles on the Biology and Antioxidant System of Model Insect, Galleria mellonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)","volume":"20","author":"Zorlu T.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of the Entomological Research Society"}],"container-title":["WIREs Nanomedicine and Nanobiotechnology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/wires.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/wnan.70033","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]],"date-time":"2025-11-13T04:32:42Z","timestamp":1763008362000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/wires.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/wnan.70033"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"references-count":107,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/wnan.70033"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/wnan.70033","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1939-5116","1939-0041"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1939-5116","type":"print"},{"value":"1939-0041","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-05-02","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-09-01","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-09-30","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70033"}}