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In particular, sex\/gender\u2010related responses to such exposure have not been clearly articulated so far in any of the existing guidance documents or regulatory relevant opinions provided to the parties involved in the risk assessment and risk management of ENMs. We aimed to demonstrate the relevance of the sex\/gender dimension for the characterization of the risks and hazards associated with ENMs by analyzing existing scientific data on sex\u2010related differences in response to ENMs exposure. This was achieved by performing an extensive review of in\u00a0vivo mammalian toxicity studies published in PubMed and Web of Science databases. Further analysis was performed only for data reported in publications that satisfied scientific quality criteria assessed using the GUIDEnano approach. Finally, we demonstrated the importance of the sex\/gender dimension for safety testing of ENMs in the future and provided recommendations on how to include the sex\/gender dimension in toxicity testing of ENMs to ensure precise, transparent, and reliable conclusions in the process of hazard and risk assessments.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    This article is categorized under:\n                    <jats:list list-type=\"simple\">\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>Toxicology and Regulatory Issues in Nanomedicine &gt; Toxicology of Nanomaterials<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>Toxicology and Regulatory Issues in Nanomedicine &gt; Regulatory and Policy Issues in Nanomedicine<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                    <\/jats:list>\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/wnan.70034","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,18]],"date-time":"2025-09-18T10:24:19Z","timestamp":1758191059000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Sex and Gender Dimensions in Hazard and Risk Assessment of Engineered Nanomaterials"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5222-7678","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucija","family":"Bo\u017ei\u010devi\u0107","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health  Zagreb Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2730-6873","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karolina","family":"Jagiello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"QSAR Lab  Gdansk Poland"},{"name":"Laboratory of Environmental Chemoinformatics University of Gdansk, Faculty of Chemistry  Gdansk Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3288-4309","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anita","family":"Sosnowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"QSAR Lab  Gdansk Poland"},{"name":"Laboratory of Environmental Chemoinformatics University of Gdansk, Faculty of Chemistry  Gdansk Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1586-2482","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maciej","family":"Stepnik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"QSAR Lab  Gdansk Poland"},{"name":"Department of Toxicology Medical University of Lodz, Faculty of Pharmacy  Lodz Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1358-1652","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Dusinska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Chemistry and Health Effects The Environment and Climate Research Institute NILU, Health Effects Laboratory  Kjeller Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4250-4584","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iseult","family":"Lynch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences University of Birmingham  Birmingham UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9305-4096","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikolina","family":"Perani\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health  Zagreb Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4652-4155","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivona","family":"Capjak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health  Zagreb Croatia"},{"name":"Croatian Institute for Transfusion Medicine  Zagreb Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9046-9117","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Val\u00e9rie","family":"Fessard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Foug\u00e8res Laboratory, Toxicology of Contaminants Unit ANSES, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health &amp; 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