{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T20:10:21Z","timestamp":1790021421264,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":170,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761696000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761696000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["wires.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Chronic respiratory diseases are among the top five non\u2010communicable diseases (NCDs) contributing to the highest global mortality and morbidity. These diseases, which include chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, diffuse parenchymal lung disease (DPLD), lung fibrosis, and lung cancer, affect the airways and other lung structures. They can significantly impair quality of life and, if left untreated, can lead to mortality across all age groups. An effective management of chronic lung diseases therefore requires timely, accurate diagnosis and treatment. Nanotechnology based diagnosis and therapy is a growing area to address these concerns. In this context, fluorescent quantum dots with sizes of 20\u2009nm or less are being extensively explored for their distinct photophysical properties, quantum confinement effect, potential for surface functionalization and optimum toxicity. Herein, we highlight the unique properties of QDs which make them effective tools for diagnosing chronic respiratory diseases, their potential for bioimaging applications as replacements for conventional organic fluorophores, and their therapeutic applications for respiratory diseases. Additionally, challenges associated with QDs, such as toxicity and clearance, which limit their applications are also discussed. Overall, this will be one of the first reviews which encompasses the detailed features of QDs as a nanotheranostic platform for chronic respiratory diseases.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    This article is categorized under:\n                    <jats:list list-type=\"simple\">\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>Diagnostic Tools &gt; Biosensing<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>Diagnostic Tools &gt; In\u00a0Vivo Nanodiagnostics and Imaging<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery &gt; Nanomedicine for Respiratory Disease<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                    <\/jats:list>\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/wnan.70036","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T18:21:16Z","timestamp":1761762076000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Chronic Respiratory Diseases: Use of Quantum Particles as Nanotheranostic Agents"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-1996-2993","authenticated-orcid":false,"family":"Neelam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Sciences Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Berhampur  Berhampur Odisha India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-2834-3555","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shefali","family":"Mallik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Sciences Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Berhampur  Berhampur Odisha India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2686-3731","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"K. M.","family":"Neethu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Sciences Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Berhampur  Berhampur Odisha India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7679-7859","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Parikshit","family":"Moitra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Sciences Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Berhampur  Berhampur Odisha India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_15_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-97-7316-9_7","volume-title":"PEGylated Nanocarriers in Medicine and Pharmacy","author":"Acharya S.","year":"2025"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.1c06066"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s11671-020-3247-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/fampra\/cmp005"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/14799731211053332"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rechem.2023.101300"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4187\/respcare.04435"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0970\u20102113.92356"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5604\/01.3001.0053.4743"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cclet.2010.12.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nantod.2014.04.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2665-9913(20)30421-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C7NR00376E"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41533-022-00298-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.10\u20100231"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S27","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.21597","article-title":"Diagnosis of Asthma: Diagnostic Testing","volume":"5","author":"Brigham E. 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