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In response, international and national health bodies are producing guidelines to address health behaviors in the prevention and treatment of mental illness. However, the current evidence for the causal role of lifestyle factors in the onset and prognosis of mental disorders is unclear. We performed a systematic meta\u2010review of the top\u2010tier evidence examining how physical activity, sleep, dietary patterns and tobacco smoking impact on the risk and treatment outcomes across a range of mental disorders. Results from 29 meta\u2010analyses of prospective\/cohort studies, 12 Mendelian randomization studies, two meta\u2010reviews, and two meta\u2010analyses of randomized controlled trials were synthesized to generate overviews of the evidence for targeting each of the specific lifestyle factors in the prevention and treatment of depression, anxiety and stress\u2010related disorders, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and attention\u2010deficit\/hyperactivity disorder. Standout findings include: a) convergent evidence indicating the use of physical activity in primary prevention and clinical treatment across a spectrum of mental disorders; b) emerging evidence implicating tobacco smoking as a causal factor in onset of both common and severe mental illness; c) the need to clearly establish causal relations between dietary patterns and risk of mental illness, and how diet should be best addressed within mental health care; and d) poor sleep as a risk factor for mental illness, although with further research required to understand the complex, bidirectional relations and the benefits of non\u2010pharmacological sleep\u2010focused interventions. The potentially shared neurobiological pathways between multiple lifestyle factors and mental health are discussed, along with directions for future research, and recommendations for the implementation of these findings at public health and clinical service levels.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20773","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,18]],"date-time":"2020-09-18T03:26:23Z","timestamp":1600399583000},"page":"360-380","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1062,"title":["A meta\u2010review of \u201clifestyle psychiatry\u201d: the role of exercise, smoking, diet and sleep in the prevention and treatment of mental disorders"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Joseph","family":"Firth","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Psychology and Mental Health, Faculty of Biology, Medicine &amp; Health University of Manchester  Manchester UK"},{"name":"NICM Health Research Institute Western \u2010Sydney University  Westmead NSW Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Solmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences University of Padua  Padua Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robyn E.","family":"Wootton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit University of Bristol  Bristol UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Davy","family":"Vancampfort","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KU Leuven Department of Rehabilitation Sciences  Leuven Belgium"},{"name":"University Psychiatric Centre KU Leuven  Kortenberg Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Felipe B.","family":"Schuch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sports Methods and \u2010Techniques Federal University of Santa Maria  Santa Maria Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erin","family":"Hoare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UKCRC Centre for Diet and Activity Research (CEDAR) and MRC Epidemiology Unit University of \u2010Cambridge  Cambridge UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon","family":"Gilbody","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mental Health and Addictions Research Group, Department of Health Sciences University of York  York UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Torous","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Canter Harvard Medical School  Boston MA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott B.","family":"Teasdale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine University of New South Wales  Sydney NSW \u2010Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah E.","family":"Jackson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Behavioural Science and Health University College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lee","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cambridge Centre for Sport and Exercise Sciences Anglia Ruskin University  \u2010Cambridge UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melissa","family":"Eaton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NICM Health Research Institute Western \u2010Sydney University  Westmead NSW Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Felice N.","family":"Jacka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food &amp; 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