{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T18:01:40Z","timestamp":1792173700477,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,9]],"date-time":"2021-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1631145600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["World Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a non\u2010invasive brain stimulation method increasingly used to treat psychiatric disorders, primarily depression. Initial studies suggest that rTMS may help to treat addictions, but evaluation in multicenter randomized controlled trials (RCTs) is needed. We conducted a multicenter double\u2010blind RCT in 262 chronic smokers meeting DSM\u20105 criteria for tobacco use disorder, who had made at least one prior failed attempt to quit, with 68% having made at least three failed attempts. They received three weeks of daily\u00a0bilat\u00aderal active or sham rTMS to the lateral prefrontal and insular cortices, followed by once weekly rTMS for three weeks. Each rTMS session was administered following a cue\u2010induced craving procedure, and participants were monitored for a total of six weeks. Those in abstinence were monitored for additional 12 weeks. The primary outcome measure was the four\u2010week continuous quit rate (CQR) until Week 18 in the intent\u2010to\u2010treat efficacy set, as determined by daily smoking diaries and verified by urine cotinine measures. The trial was registered at\n                    <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\">ClinicalTrials.gov<\/jats:ext-link>\n                    (NCT02126124). In the intent\u2010to\u2010treat analysis set (N=234), the CQR until Week 18 was 19.4% following active and 8.7% following sham rTMS (X\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    =5.655, p=0.017). Among completers (N=169), the CQR until Week 18 was 28.0% and 11.7%, respectively (X\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    =7.219, p=0.007). The reduction in cigarette consumption and craving was significantly greater in the active than the sham group as early as two weeks into treatment. This study establishes a safe treatment protocol that promotes smoking cessation by stimulating relevant brain circuits. It represents the first large multicenter RCT of brain stimulation in addiction medicine, and has led to the first clearance by the US Food and Drug Administration for rTMS as an aid in\u00a0smok\u00ading cessation for adults.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20905","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,9]],"date-time":"2021-09-09T23:16:40Z","timestamp":1631229400000},"page":"397-404","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":238,"title":["Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for smoking cessation: a\u00a0pivotal multicenter double\u2010blind randomized controlled trial"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Abraham","family":"Zangen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences and Zlotowski Centre for Neuroscience Ben\u2010Gurion University of the Negev  Beer\u2010Sheva Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hagar","family":"Moshe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences and Zlotowski Centre for Neuroscience Ben\u2010Gurion University of the Negev  Beer\u2010Sheva Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diana","family":"Martinez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Columbia University Irving Medical Center  New York NY USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noam","family":"Barnea\u2010Ygael","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences and Zlotowski Centre for Neuroscience Ben\u2010Gurion University of the Negev  Beer\u2010Sheva Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tanya","family":"Vapnik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pacific Institute of Medical Research  Los Angeles CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Bystritsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pacific Institute of Medical Research  Los Angeles CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Walter","family":"Duffy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alivation Health  Lincoln NE USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Doron","family":"Toder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences and Zlotowski Centre for Neuroscience Ben\u2010Gurion University of the Negev  Beer\u2010Sheva Israel"},{"name":"Beer\u2010Sheva Mental Health Center, Ministry of Health  Beer\u2010Sheva Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leah","family":"Casuto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lindner Center of HOPE, and University of Cincinnati Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine  Cincinnati OH USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moran Lipkinsky","family":"Grosz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tel Aviv University Medical School, Tel Aviv and Be\u2019er Yaacov Mental Health Center  Be'er Yaacov Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edward V.","family":"Nunes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Columbia University Irving Medical Center  New York NY USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Herbert","family":"Ward","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry University of Florida College of Medicine  Gainesville FL USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aron","family":"Tendler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Mental Health Care Inc.  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