{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T07:02:47Z","timestamp":1791874967876,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,8]],"date-time":"2022-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1662595200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["World Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Accumulating evidence suggests a higher risk for cardiovascular diseases among individuals with mental disorders, but very little is known about the risk for overall and specific groups of cardiovascular diseases in people with attention\u2010deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). To fill this knowledge gap, we investigated the prospective associations between ADHD and a wide range of cardiovascular diseases in adults. In a nationwide population\u2010based cohort study, we identified 5,389,519 adults born between 1941 and 1983, without pre\u2010existing cardiovascular diseases, from Swedish registers. The study period was from January 1, 2001 to December 31, 2013. Incident cardiovascular disease events were identified according to ICD codes. Hazard ratios (HR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated using Cox proportional hazards regression model, with ADHD as a time\u2010varying exposure. After an average 11.80 years of follow\u2010up, 38.05% of individuals with ADHD versus 23.57% of those without ADHD had at least one diagnosis of cardiovascular disease (p&lt;0.0001). ADHD was significantly associated with increased risk of any cardiovascular disease (HR=2.05, 95% CI: 1.98\u20102.13) after adjusting for sex and year of birth. Further adjustments for education level, birth country, type 2 diabetes mellitus, obesity, dyslipidemia, sleep problems and heavy smoking attenuated the association, which however remained significant (HR=1.84, 95% CI: 1.77\u20101.91). Further adjustment for psychiatric comorbidities attenuated but could not fully explain the association (HR=1.65, 95% CI: 1.59\u20101.71). The strongest associations were found for cardiac arrest (HR=2.28, 95% CI: 1.81\u20102.87), hemorrhagic stroke (HR=2.16, 95% CI: 1.68\u20102.77), and peripheral vascular disease\/arteriosclerosis (HR=2.05, 95% CI: 1.76\u20102.38). Stronger associations were observed in males and younger adults, while comparable associations were found among individuals with or without psychotropic medications and family history of cardiovascular diseases. These data suggest that ADHD is an independent risk factor for a wide range of cardiovascular diseases. They highlight the importance of carefully monitoring cardiovascular health and developing age\u2010appropriate and individualized strategies to reduce the cardiovascular risk in individuals with ADHD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.21020","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,8]],"date-time":"2022-09-08T06:59:16Z","timestamp":1662620356000},"page":"452-459","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":103,"title":["Attention\u2010deficit\/hyperactivity disorder as a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases: a nationwide population\u2010based cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Lin","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medical Sciences \u00d6rebro University  \u00d6rebro Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics Karolinska Institutet  Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zheng","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics Karolinska Institutet  Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiangwei","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics Karolinska Institutet  Stockholm Sweden"},{"name":"Institute of Environmental Medicine Karolinska Institutet  Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miguel","family":"Garcia\u2010Argibay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medical Sciences \u00d6rebro University  \u00d6rebro Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ebba","family":"Du Rietz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics Karolinska Institutet  Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maja","family":"Dobrosavljevic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medical Sciences \u00d6rebro University  \u00d6rebro Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabell","family":"Brikell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics Karolinska Institutet  Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomas","family":"Jernberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences Danderyd University Hospital  Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Solmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry University of Ottawa  Ottawa ON Canada"},{"name":"Department of Mental Health Ottawa Hospital  Ottawa ON Canada"},{"name":"Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (OHRI) Clinical Epidemiology Program University of Ottawa  Ottawa ON Canada"},{"name":"Centre for Innovation in Mental Health \u2010 Developmental Lab, School of Psychology University of Southampton, and NHS Trust  Southampton UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuele","family":"Cortese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Innovation in Mental Health \u2010 Developmental Lab, School of Psychology University of Southampton, and NHS Trust  Southampton UK"},{"name":"Hassenfeld Children's Hospital at NYU Langone New York University Child Study Center  New York City NY USA"},{"name":"Division of Psychiatry and Applied Psychology, School of Medicine University of Nottingham  Nottingham UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henrik","family":"Larsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medical Sciences \u00d6rebro University  \u00d6rebro Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics Karolinska Institutet  Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2015.20"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054707310878"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(17)30167-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.2006.163.4.716"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2015.15020266"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(18)30224-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehl338"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/eht462"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2005.02.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.12ac08227"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11886-016-0800-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1915784"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2021.676030"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/IPRP.S133088"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17103647"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20252"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2012.06.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1917069"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-018-1217-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.12261"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(21)00171-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2017.1877"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2003.12.047"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehz849"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000973"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-018-0728-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-020-01204-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JCN.0b013e31827db5eb"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psc.2010.01.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2017-000298"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.107.048827"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cger.2009.07.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-016-0117-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0412.2003.00172.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-11-450"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.1294"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-019-00511-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-59745-423-0_10"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-017-0316-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.112.120808"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2019.1944"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l1255"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2020.12.066"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-13-13"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20204"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwaa273"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrcardio.2016.127"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-019-01344-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10641960601013682"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4001440"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12402-012-0075-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2008.10.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-020-00463-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.crd.0000216745.96062.7c"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03391702"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2018.4279"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2017.12.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2015.15050618"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20699"}],"container-title":["World Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/wps.21020","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/wps.21020","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/wps.21020","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,22]],"date-time":"2023-08-22T13:10:48Z","timestamp":1692709848000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/wps.21020"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,8]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/wps.21020"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/wps.21020","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1723-8617","2051-5545"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1723-8617","type":"print"},{"value":"2051-5545","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-09-08","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}