{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T20:33:30Z","timestamp":1792269210219,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,14]],"date-time":"2023-01-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673654400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["World Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) is by far the most examined type of psychological treatment for depression and is recommended in most treatment guide\u00adlines. However, no recent meta\u2010analysis has integrated the results of randomized trials examining its effects, and its efficacy in comparison with other psychotherapies, pharmacotherapies and combined treatment for depression remains uncertain. We searched PubMed, PsycINFO, Embase and the Cochrane Library to identify studies on CBT, and separated included trials into several subsets to conduct random\u2010effects meta\u2010analyses. We included 409 trials (518 comparisons) with 52,702 patients, thus conducting the largest meta\u2010analysis ever of a specific type of psychotherapy for a mental disorder. The quality of the trials was found to have increased significantly over time (with increasing numbers of trials with low risk of bias, less waitlist control groups, and larger sample sizes). CBT had moderate to large effects compared to control conditions such as care as usual and waitlist (g=0.79; 95% CI: 0.70\u20100.89), which remained similar in sensitivity analyses and were still significant at 6\u201012 month follow\u2010up. There was no reduction of the effect size of CBT according to the publication year (&lt;2001 vs. 2001\u20102010 vs. &gt;2011). CBT was significantly more effective than other psychotherapies, but the difference was small (g=0.06; 95% CI: 0\u20100.12) and became non\u2010significant in most sensitivity analyses. The effects of CBT did not differ significantly from those of pharmacotherapies at the short term, but were significantly larger at 6\u201012 month follow\u2010up (g=0.34; 95% CI: 0.09\u20100.58), although the number of trials was small, and the difference was not significant in all sensitivity analyses. Combined treatment was more effective than pharmacotherapies alone at the short (g=0.51; 95% CI: 0.19\u20100.84) and long term (g=0.32; 95% CI: 0.09\u20100.55), but it was not more effective than CBT alone at either time point. CBT was also effective as unguided self\u2010help intervention (g=0.45; 95% CI: 0.31\u20100.60), in institutional settings (g=0.65; 95% CI: 0.21\u20101.08), and in children and adolescents (g=0.41; 95% CI: 0.25\u20100.57). We can conclude that the efficacy of CBT in depression is documented across different formats, ages, target groups, and settings. However, the superiority of CBT over other psychotherapies for depression does not emerge clearly from this meta\u2010analysis. CBT appears to be as effective as pharmacotherapies at the short term, but more effective at the longer term.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.21069","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,14]],"date-time":"2023-01-14T13:30:32Z","timestamp":1673703032000},"page":"105-115","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":352,"title":["Cognitive behavior therapy vs. control conditions, other psychotherapies, pharmacotherapies and combined treatment for depression: a comprehensive meta\u2010analysis including 409 trials with 52,702 patients"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Pim","family":"Cuijpers","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical, Neuro and Developmental Psychology, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam  Amsterdam The Netherlands"},{"name":"Babes,\u2010Bolyai University, International Institute for Psychotherapy  Cluj\u2010Napoca Romania"},{"name":"WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Dissemination of Psychological Interventions Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam  Amsterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clara","family":"Miguel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical, Neuro and Developmental Psychology, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam  Amsterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mathias","family":"Harrer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychology &amp; Digital Mental Health Care, Department of Health Sciences Technical University Munich  Munich Germany"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Psychology &amp; Psychotherapy Friedrich\u2010Alexander\u2010University Erlangen\u2010Nuremberg  Erlangen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Constantin Yves","family":"Plessen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical, Neuro and Developmental Psychology, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam  Amsterdam The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Psychosomatic Medicine Charit\u00e9 Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin  Berlin Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marketa","family":"Ciharova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical, Neuro and Developmental Psychology, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam  Amsterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Ebert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychology &amp; 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