{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T21:57:47Z","timestamp":1792447067837,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":112,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,12]],"date-time":"2024-01-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1705017600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["World Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Eating disorders (EDs) are known to be associated with high mortality and often chronic and severe course, but a recent comprehensive systematic review of their outcomes is currently missing. In the present systematic review and meta\u2010analysis, we examined cohort studies and clinical trials published between 1980 and 2021 that reported, for DSM\/ICD\u2010defined EDs, overall ED outcomes (i.e., recovery, improvement and relapse, all\u2010cause and ED\u2010related hospitalization, and chronicity); the same outcomes related to purging, binge eating and body weight status; as well as mortality. We included 415 studies (N=88,372, mean age: 25.7\u00b16.9 years, females: 72.4%, mean follow\u2010up: 38.3\u00b176.5 months), conducted in persons with anorexia nervosa (AN), bulimia nervosa (BN), binge eating disorder (BED), other specified feeding and eating disorders (OSFED), and\/or mixed EDs, from all continents except Africa. In all EDs pooled together, overall recovery occurred in 46% of patients (95% CI: 44\u201049, n=283, mean follow\u2010up: 44.9\u00b162.8 months, no significant ED\u2010group difference). The recovery rate was 42% at &lt;2 years, 43% at 2 to &lt;4 years, 54% at 4 to &lt;6 years, 59% at 6 to &lt;8 years, 64% at 8 to &lt;10 years, and 67% at \u226510 years. Overall chronicity occurred in 25% of patients (95% CI: 23\u201029, n=170, mean follow\u2010up: 59.3\u00b171.2 months, no significant ED\u2010group difference). The chronicity rate was 33% at &lt;2 years, 40% at 2 to &lt;4 years, 23% at 4 to &lt;6 years, 25% at 6 to &lt;8 years, 12% at 8 to &lt;10 years, and 18% at \u226510 years. Mortality occurred in 0.4% of patients (95% CI: 0.2\u20100.7, n=214, mean follow\u2010up: 72.2\u00b1117.7 months, no significant ED\u2010group difference). Considering observational studies, the mortality rate was 5.2 deaths\/1,000 person\u2010years (95% CI: 4.4\u20106.1, n=167, mean follow\u2010up: 88.7\u00b1120.5 months; significant difference among EDs: p&lt;0.01, range: from 8.2 for mixed ED to 3.4 for BN). Hospitalization occurred in 26% of patients (95% CI: 18\u201036, n=18, mean follow\u2010up: 43.2\u00b141.6 months; significant difference among EDs: p&lt;0.001, range: from 32% for AN to 4% for BN). Regarding diagnostic migration, 8% of patients with AN migrated to BN and 16% to OSFED; 2% of patients with BN migrated to AN, 5% to BED, and 19% to OSFED; 9% of patients with BED migrated to BN and 19% to OSFED; 7% of patients with OSFED migrated to AN and 10% to BN. Children\/adolescents had more favorable outcomes across and within EDs than adults. Self\u2010injurious behaviors were associated with lower recovery rates in pooled EDs. A higher socio\u2010demographic index moderated lower recovery and higher chronicity in AN across countries. Specific treatments associated with higher recovery rates were family\u2010based therapy, cognitive\u2010behavioral therapy (CBT), psychodynamic therapy, and nutritional interventions for AN; self\u2010help, CBT, dialectical behavioral therapy (DBT), psychodynamic therapy, nutritional and pharmacological treatments for BN; CBT, nutritional and pharmacological interventions, and DBT for BED; and CBT and psychodynamic therapy for OSFED. In AN, pharmacological treatment was associated with lower recovery, and waiting list with higher mortality. These results should inform future research, clinical practice and health service organization for persons with EDs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.21182","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,12]],"date-time":"2024-01-12T09:55:54Z","timestamp":1705053354000},"page":"124-138","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":287,"title":["Outcomes in people with eating disorders: a transdiagnostic and disorder\u2010specific systematic review, meta\u2010analysis and multivariable meta\u2010regression analysis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Marco","family":"Solmi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry University of Ottawa  Ottawa ON Canada"},{"name":"Regional Centre for Treatment of Eating Disorders, and On Track: Champlain First Episode Psychosis Program, Department of Mental Health Ottawa Hospital  Ottawa ON Canada"},{"name":"Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Clinical Epidemiology Program University of Ottawa  Ottawa ON Canada"},{"name":"School of Epidemiology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine University of Ottawa  Ottawa ON Canada"},{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Charit\u00e9 Universit\u00e4tsmedizin  Berlin Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Monaco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mental Health Local Health Unit  Salerno Italy"},{"name":"European Biomedical Research Institute of Salerno  Salerno Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mikkel","family":"H\u00f8jlund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Aabenraa Mental Health Services in the Region of Southern Denmark, Aabenraa, Denmark; Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmacy, and Environmental Medicine, Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark  Odense Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessio M.","family":"Monteleone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry University of Campania \u201cL. 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