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In this paper we review the initial versions of the diagnostic criteria for this condition and the associated epidemiological findings, including sociocultural differences. We consider evidence for post\u2010traumatic reactions occurring in multiple contexts not previously defined as traumatic, and the implications that these observations have for the diagnosis. More recent developments such as the DSM\u20105 dissociative subtype and the ICD\u201011 diagnosis of complex PTSD are reviewed, adding to evidence that there are several distinct PTSD phenotypes. We describe the psychological foundations of PTSD, involving disturbances to memory as well as to identity. A broader focus on identity may be able to accommodate group and communal influences on the experience of trauma and PTSD, as well as the impact of resource loss. We then summarize current evidence concerning the biological foundations of PTSD, with a particular focus on genetic and neuroimaging studies. Whereas progress in prevention has been disappointing, there is now an extensive evidence supporting the efficacy of a variety of psychological treatments for established PTSD, including trauma\u2010focused interventions \u2013 such as trauma\u2010focused cognitive behavior therapy (TF\u2010CBT) and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) \u2013 and non\u2010trauma\u2010focused therapies, which also include some emerging identity\u2010based approaches such as present\u2010centered and compassion\u2010focused therapies. Additionally, there are promising interventions that are neither psychological nor pharmacological, or that combine a pharmacological and a psychological approach, such as 3,4\u2010methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)\u2010assisted psychotherapy. We review advances in the priority areas of adapting interventions in resource\u2010limited settings and across cultural contexts, and of community\u2010based approaches. 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