{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,7]],"date-time":"2026-11-07T19:52:47Z","timestamp":1794081167571,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":279,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,15]],"date-time":"2025-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757894400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["World Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Attention\u2010deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) was once thought to be solely a childhood condition. Now it is well established that it can persist into adulthood, with an estimated worldwide prevalence of around 2.5%. Additionally, up to 70% of individuals with childhood\u2010onset ADHD continue to experience impairing symptoms as adults, even if they no longer meet the criteria for a formal diagnosis. The validity of adult ADHD initially faced strong criticism. Today, empirical research supports its descriptive validity (identifying characteristic signs and symptoms), predictive validity (concerning specific outcomes, courses, and responses to treatment), and concurrent validity (evidence related to its underlying causes and biological mechanisms). Despite this progress, unresolved questions and ongoing debates about adult ADHD persist. This paper summarizes current empirical evidence, alongside uncertainties and controversies, regarding the definition, epidemiology, diagnosis, etiology, neurobiology, and management of ADHD in adults. Crucially, we also include perspectives from individuals with lived experience of this condition, highlighting their views on unmet needs and priorities for improving care. Key uncertainties and controversies on adult ADHD include: a) the possibility of late\u2010onset ADHD; b) the significance of emotional dysregulation as a core symptom; c) the definition and characterization of functional impairment; d) the persistence of comorbid psychiatric and somatic conditions after accounting for confounders; e) the relevance of executive dysfunction in the definition of the condition; f) the use of objective diagnostic measures; g) the long\u2010term effects of treatments; and h) the role of non\u2010pharmacological interventions. Further research on adult ADHD is urgently needed. Funding for studies on this condition lags behind that for childhood ADHD and other mental disorders in adulthood. Hopefully, efforts by clinicians, researchers and other stakeholders will ultimately help ensure that adults with ADHD are better understood, supported, and empowered to thrive.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.21374","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,15]],"date-time":"2025-09-15T08:23:34Z","timestamp":1757924614000},"page":"347-371","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":80,"title":["Attention\u2010deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (<scp>ADHD<\/scp>) in adults: evidence base, uncertainties and controversies"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Samuele","family":"Cortese","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Developmental EPI (Evidence synthesis, Prediction, Implementation) Lab Centre for Innovation in Mental Health, School of Psychology, Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Southampton  Southampton UK"},{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Sciences (CNS 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Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Franke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cognitive Neuroscience Radboud University Medical Center  Nijmegen The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David W.","family":"Goodman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Johns Hopkins School of Medicine  Baltimore MD USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catharina A.","family":"Hartman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Center of Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen  Groningen The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henrik","family":"Larsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medical Sciences \u00d6rebro University  \u00d6rebro 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UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Josep A.","family":"Ramos\u2010Quiroga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Salud Mental  Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margaret H.","family":"Sibley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Washington School of Medicine and Seattle Children's Research Institute  Seattle WA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anneka","family":"Tomlinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oxford Precision Psychiatry Lab, NIHR Oxford Health Biomedical Research Centre  Oxford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy E.","family":"Wilens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School  Boston MA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ian C.K.","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Safe Medication Practice and Research, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong  Hong Kong SAR China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nina","family":"Hov\u00e9n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ADHD Europe  Brussels Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeremy","family":"Didier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Children &amp; Adults with ADHD (CHADD)  Lanham MD USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christoph U.","family":"Correll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Charit\u00e9 Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin  Berlin Germany"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Northwell Health, Zucker Hillside 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