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The synthesis of various tRNA modifications is regulated by many \u201cwriter\u201d enzymes, which utilize substrates from metabolic pathways or dietary sources. Metabolic and bioenergetic pathways, such as one\u2010carbon (1C) metabolism and the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle produce essential substrates for tRNA modifications synthesis, such as S\u2010Adenosyl methionine (SAM), sulfur species, and \u03b1\u2010ketoglutarate (\u03b1\u2010KG). The activity of these metabolic pathways can directly impact codon decoding and translation via regulating tRNA modifications levels. In this review, we discuss the complex interactions between diet, metabolism, tRNA modifications, and mRNA translation. We discuss how nutrient availability, bioenergetics, and intermediates of metabolic pathways, modulate the tRNA modification landscape to fine\u2010tune protein synthesis. Moreover, we highlight how dysregulation of these metabolic\u2010tRNA interactions contributes to disease pathogenesis, including cancer, metabolic disorders, and neurodegenerative diseases. We also discuss the new emerging field of GlycoRNA biology drawing parallels from glycobiology and metabolic diseases to guide future directions in this area. Throughout our discussion, we highlight the links between specific modifications, their metabolic\/dietary precursors, and various diseases, emphasizing the importance of a metabolism\u2010centric tRNA view in understanding many pathologies. Future research should focus on uncovering the interplay between metabolism and tRNA in specific cellular and disease contexts. Addressing these gaps will guide new research into novel disease interventions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/wrna.70011","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,23]],"date-time":"2025-03-23T14:43:24Z","timestamp":1742741004000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Metabolism Meets Translation: Dietary and Metabolic Influences on <scp>tRNA<\/scp> Modifications and Codon Biased Translation"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4511-6360","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sherif","family":"Rashad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgical Engineering and Translational Neuroscience Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine  Sendai Japan"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgical Engineering and Translational Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering Tohoku University  Sendai 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