{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T06:00:51Z","timestamp":1783576851624,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":128,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]],"date-time":"2025-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758758400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":24,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["wires.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["WIREs RNA"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Cancer remains one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Despite various efforts to reduce cancer mortality, such as decreasing tobacco use, improving early detection and prevention methods, and enhancing cancer care and treatments, certain racial and ethnic groups continue to experience higher cancer incidence and mortality rates, along with shorter survival compared to other groups. Several factors, including socioeconomic status, environmental influences, diet, and behavior, contribute to these racial disparities. More importantly, scientists have identified a genetic basis for these observations, with a growing body of research highlighting microRNAs as significant players in cancer racial disparities. This review focuses on various types of microRNAs (such as epigenetically regulated, copy number altered, circulating, and exosomal) and microRNA single\u2010nucleotide variations in the context of cancer\u2010related racial disparities. Additionally, we have summarized the existing resources, including racial\u2010specific model cell lines and cancer cohorts that include patients from diverse racial and ethnic backgrounds. Moreover, we provide here several key things to consider for future investigations. While many challenges remain, we aim to offer a balanced overview of this field to help scientists with varying expertise address these issues.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    This article is categorized under:\n                    <jats:list list-type=\"simple\">\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>RNA in Disease and Development &gt; RNA in Disease<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                    <\/jats:list>\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/wrna.70028","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]],"date-time":"2025-09-26T00:39:56Z","timestamp":1758847196000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["<scp>MicroRNAs<\/scp>\n                    and Cancer Racial Disparities"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5120-6725","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dan","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, Department of Medicine Baylor College of Medicine  Houston Texas USA"},{"name":"Dan L Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine  Houston Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yifei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, Department of Medicine Baylor College of Medicine  Houston Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13073\u2010023\u201001273\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365\u20102893.2010.01414.x"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","first-page":"3107","article-title":"Genetic Variation in the MicroRNA\u2010499 Gene and Hepatocellular Carcinoma Risk in a Turkish Population: Lack of Any Association in a Case\u2010Control Study","volume":"12","author":"Akkiz H.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2011.07.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1940\u20106207.CAPR\u201023\u20100156"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/genes11050572"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/2767\u20109764.crc\u201021\u20100018"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pros.21302"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943\u2010024\u201002081\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/bgz058"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2018.02.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1078\u20100432.CCR\u201012\u20103302"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0307323101"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/2159\u20108290.CD\u201012\u20100095"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12881\u2010014\u20100126\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/ERC\u201012\u20100007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21271"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ncrna5010010"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neo.2018.01.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13058\u2010022\u201001504\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3727\/105221616X693594"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkad1142"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.13813"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep35815"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00432\u2010010\u20100844\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/0008\u20105472.CAN\u201018\u20102747"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2022.853633"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2014.10.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scisignal.2004088"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2023.1096882"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.24907"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2018.05.082"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010017\u201015388\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1940\u20106207.CAPR\u201018\u20100509"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.15016"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.139758.112"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.26153"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen\u20102017\u2010018070"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/pcan.2013.36"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0802682105"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1375\/twin.14.5.417"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15174411"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcla.21862"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1113329"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13277\u2010014\u20101822\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkw039"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.32020"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1116644"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.25065"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkt1181"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physiolgenomics.00141.2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2007.04.040"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00439\u2010017\u20101858\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967\u2010021\u201003215\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/ijo.2014.2469"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkaa783"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MJT.0000000000000361"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.2405"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10549\u2010010\u20101297\u2010x"},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_2_8_61_1","first-page":"9368","article-title":"The Occurrence of Cervical Cancer in Uygur Women in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Is Correlated to MicroRNA\u2010146a and Ethnic Factor","volume":"8","author":"Ma L.","year":"2015","journal-title":"International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Pathology"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010018\u201022488\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13058\u2010023\u201001615\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.08.028"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000491671"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1078\u20100432.CCR\u201017\u20100527"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12863\u2010016\u20100415\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.7179508"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1538-7445.AM2016-1775"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010017\u201016978\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2018.00402"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2008.05.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2012.195776"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15082331"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2017.02.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/ijo.2018.4510"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4161\/cc.10.1.14359"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000000252"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/ol.2016.5452"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000488456"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1440\u20101681.12726"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1755\u20108794\u20107\u201053"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2217\/epi\u20102018\u20100177"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0036306"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00991.2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15252\/embj.2019103777"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wrna.1662"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4238\/2013.November.7.11"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41576\u2010023\u201000611\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41388\u2010020\u201001565\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2019.05.038"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.14198"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers10120475"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13277\u2010014\u20101638\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0076994"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.13024"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4172\/1948\u20105956.1000340"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkv922"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/0008\u20105472.CAN\u201017\u20101947"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.1953"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_101_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10163678"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_102_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/bgr066"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_103_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1078\u20100432.CCR\u201014\u20101566"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_104_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033\u2010011\u20100735\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_105_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/mutage\/ges052"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_106_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0153125"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_107_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0040039"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_108_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2012.12.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_109_1","unstructured":"Wild C. P. E.Weiderpass andB. W.Stewart.2020.\u201cWorld Cancer Report.\u201d"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_110_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40200\u2010019\u201000404\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_111_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCGENETICS.116.001678"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_112_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864\u2010018\u20104794\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_113_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010021\u201025473\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_114_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13277\u2010014\u20102803\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_115_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.22633"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_116_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/0008\u20105472.CAN\u201019\u20104031"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_117_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41418\u2010021\u201000838\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_118_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prp.2022.153882"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_119_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/ol.2016.4252"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_120_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/db16\u20101172"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_121_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2018.00737"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_122_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1078\u20100432.CCR\u201015\u20101606"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_123_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10549\u2010013\u20102698\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_124_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/OTT.S65496"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_125_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ncrna.2020.02.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_126_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010022\u201035305\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_127_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13277\u2010015\u20103126\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_128_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0013735"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_129_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/dna.2014.2785"}],"container-title":["WIREs RNA"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/wires.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/wrna.70028","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]],"date-time":"2025-11-13T07:08:58Z","timestamp":1763017738000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/wires.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/wrna.70028"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"references-count":128,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/wrna.70028"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/wrna.70028","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1757-7004","1757-7012"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1757-7004","type":"print"},{"value":"1757-7012","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-04-23","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-09-16","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-09-25","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70028"}}