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Over the past decade, dozens of novel proteins encoded by non\u2010canonical open\u2010reading frames (ncORFs), which are ORFs not annotated as protein\u2010coding in reference databases, have been discovered. Although translation products have been detected for thousands of ncORFs, the cellular functions of their encoded proteins (microproteins) remain largely unknown. To advance understanding of ncORF\u2010encoded dark proteomes, we compiled a manually curated catalogue of 71 putatively functional microproteins reported in recent years, including sequences, precise genomic coordinates, and detailed metadata. Comparative analyses with canonical proteins revealed both shared and distinct physicochemical and structural features of microproteins. We further summarized their cellular roles and identified emerging hallmarks related to their expression, evolution, and function. Together, this resource and analyses provide a foundation for systematic discovery and characterization of functional microproteins in the future.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/wrna.70063","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T07:11:03Z","timestamp":1792221063000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Emerging Hallmarks of Functional Proteins Encoded by Non\u2010Canonical\n                    <scp>ORFs<\/scp>"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9356-5101","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Feng","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Ecology, Lanzhou University  Lanzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiawen","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Ecology, Lanzhou University  Lanzhou 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