{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T15:24:10Z","timestamp":1787757850969,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":118,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783382400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":6,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["WIREs Mechanisms of Disease"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Galectin\u20109 (Gal9) is a type of animal lectin that binds terminal \u03b2\u2010galactosides and is involved in immunoregulatory functions. Clinically, Gal9 levels are positively correlated with disease activity in systemic autoimmune diseases, and it acts as a modulator of inflammation. Gal9 regulates inflammation and T cell\u2010mediated immune responses, and it can induce apoptosis and autophagy. Intracellularly, Gal9 regulates metabolic signaling pathways and glycosyltransferases. Extracellularly, Gal9 modulates immune polarization and promotes cell\u2013cell interactions by binding to various receptors on immune cells. This review summarizes the multifaceted effects and underlying mechanisms of Gal9 in autoimmune diseases. Given its critical role in tissue inflammation and organ\u2010specific damage in autoimmune diseases, we discuss the current limitations of treatment and the challenges of clinical translation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/wsbm.70010","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T06:35:15Z","timestamp":1783492515000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Galectin\u20109 Modulates Autoimmunity: Roles in Tissue Inflammation and Organ Involvement"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Fangyu","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine China\u2010Japan Friendship Hospital  Beijing People's Republic of China"},{"name":"National Center for Integrative Medicine, Department of TCM Rheumatism China\u2010Japan Friendship Hospital  Beijing People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuanyi","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine China\u2010Japan Friendship Hospital  Beijing People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2454-2168","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jing","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Integrative Medicine, Department of TCM Rheumatism China\u2010Japan Friendship Hospital  Beijing People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4588-480X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zihan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Integrative Medicine, Department of TCM Rheumatism China\u2010Japan Friendship Hospital  Beijing People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9163-8426","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qingwen","family":"Tao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Integrative Medicine, Department of TCM Rheumatism China\u2010Japan Friendship Hospital  Beijing People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_14_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M800523200"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M117.814905"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humimm.2023.110741"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2020.102575"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.31421"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2023.110418"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1901114"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc21-2213"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mdb2.70000"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.13100"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40035-025-00506-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3727\/096368912X657891"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200839177"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41420-023-01515-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1212330"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.08.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/pore.2024.1611882"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.175.5.2974"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4314"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0903275"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3001387"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2011-11-389585"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-025-03511-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-018-0979-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-020-02263-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-020-02158-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mdb2.70007"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wsbm.1627"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-05770-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2011-06-360321"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/rmdopen-2023-002979"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.adg1323"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.26249"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12929-020-0616-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25031830"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12253-015-9981-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11010-025-05277-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.202100832R"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201242768"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2018.03.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15548627.2020.1788890"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2023.115994"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2013.11.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-024-01253-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2011-1579"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200608-1243OC"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.03063"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4110\/in.2015.15.5.241"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-023-02997-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/leu.2010.25"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jev2.12390"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0123938"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-023-04257-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2025.08.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12017-020-08611-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.25682"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00109-026-02649-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1358\/dnp.2007.20.7.1183933"},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_2_14_60_1","first-page":"2009","article-title":"IFN\u03b3 and TNF\u03b1 Synergistically Promote Galectin 9 Secretion by Human Osteosarcoma Cells MG\u201063 to Prevent T Cell Killing","volume":"13","author":"Liu Y.","year":"2020","journal-title":"International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Pathology"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2012-202753"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2005.10.033"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202501139"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20132687"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1700575"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.762016"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0260254"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/glycob\/cwm001"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.e12-04-0329"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2020.05.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0060807"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2020.101380"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/immunohorizons.1900087"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wsbm.1622"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M606648200"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2007.09.060"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2018.02.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kew237"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI97333"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2018.02.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13578-019-0275-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.13820"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1131379"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biom12081062"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.03085"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-023-04954-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/glycob\/cwx065"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI42933"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41388-020-1186-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1901481"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2018.08.013"},{"issue":"13","key":"e_1_2_14_92_1","article-title":"Basic Helix\u2010Loop\u2010Helix ARNT Like 1 Regulates the Function of Immune Cells and Participates in the Development of Immune\u2010Related Diseases. Burns","volume":"18","author":"Shao F.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Trauma"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kead222"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.64557"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-18102-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.109152"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2025.117902"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2018-214651"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2018-213497"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI119429"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_101_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2015-208001"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_102_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-021-02604-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_103_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-020-03042-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_104_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-024-06379-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_105_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.42615"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_106_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20164046"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_107_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.06.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_108_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2021.04.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_109_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/db23-0987"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_110_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/gch2.202400321"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_111_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M110.163402"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_112_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.40467"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_113_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/6968595"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_114_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-59605-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_115_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18071382"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_116_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2022.700702"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_117_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2023.110336"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_118_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2019.165605"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_119_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202409764"}],"container-title":["WIREs Mechanisms of Disease"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/wires.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/wsbm.70010","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/wires.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/wsbm.70010","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/wires.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/wsbm.70010","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T14:54:47Z","timestamp":1787756087000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/wires.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/wsbm.70010"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"references-count":118,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/wsbm.70010"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/wsbm.70010","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2692-9368","2692-9368"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2692-9368","type":"print"},{"value":"2692-9368","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"article-number":"e70010"}}