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However, based on regression analyses, cortisol immunoactivity in extracted samples was only 72\u201381% of that of unextracted values. Within assay technique, RIA values were only 74\u201381% of EIA values. Collection of 24\u2010hr urine samples demonstrated a clear diurnal pattern of glucocorticoid excretion, with the lowest concentrations observed just before midnight and peak concentrations occurring around 0600\u20130800\u2009hr. These results indicate that elephants fit the pattern of a diurnal species, and that glucocorticoid production is affected by a sleep\u2010wake cycle similar to that described for other terrestrial mammals. Cortisol can be measured in both extracted and unextracted urine using RIA and EIA methodologies. However, unexplained differences in quantitative results suggest there may be sample matrix effects and that data generated using different techniques may not be directly comparable or interchangeable. Zoo Biol 29:274\u2013283, 2010. \u00a9 2009 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/zoo.20268","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,4,7]],"date-time":"2010-04-07T17:18:03Z","timestamp":1270660683000},"page":"274-283","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Assessment of diurnal urinary cortisol excretion in Asian and African elephants using different endocrine methods"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Janine L.","family":"Brown","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David C.","family":"Kersey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth W.","family":"Freeman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tarren","family":"Wagener","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,3,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-2361(1999)18:2<101::AID-ZOO2>3.0.CO;2-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/zoo.1430140608"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/zoo.1430140606"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","first-page":"121","volume-title":"Elephants and ethics","author":"Brown JL","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","first-page":"97","article-title":"Circadian and sleep\u2010dependent regulation of hormone release in humans","volume":"54","author":"Czeisler CA","year":"1999","journal-title":"Recent Prog Horm Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/zoo.1430110408"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1739.2001.0150041134.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/BI9800557"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-6480(03)00251-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","unstructured":"HallD ShyanMR. 1992.Nocturnal behavior and sleep patterns of the captive African elephant (Loxodonta africana). 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