{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T18:14:55Z","timestamp":1784830495908,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,11]],"date-time":"2009-12-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1260489600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Zoo Biology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The foot health of elephants in human care is a longstanding concern. In 2001, the AZA Standards for Elephant Management and Care were published recommending husbandry to improve foot health. This article reports the results of a 2006 survey: basic statistics describing facility, husbandry, and foot health attributes are reported and relationships among variables are investigated. Median area available to elephants exceeded Standard recommendations (755\u2009ft<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> per elephant indoor and 10,000\u2009ft<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> outdoor). Concrete makes up 69% of indoor area and natural substrates account for 85% of outdzoor area. Elephants in AZA facilities received an average of 45.5\u2009min\/day of exercise, and facilities with a structured exercise plan provided significantly more exercise than did facilities without a structured exercise plan (<jats:italic>z<\/jats:italic>=\u22122.522, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>=0.012). Enrichment is important to psychological health and may also stimulate activity beneficial to foot health; 95% of institutions had a structured enrichment program. Preventative foot care was nearly universal, and 100% of facilities performed routine nail and pad trimming. However, foot pathology has not been eradicated; 33% of institutions reported at least one pathology in the previous year. This study found a strong inverse relationship between foot pathology and exercise (\u03c7<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>(3)=24.34, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt;0.001). Younger herds were less likely to have a member diagnosed with arthritis (\u03c7<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>(1)=8.90, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>=0.003). Lameness was unrelated to age or pathology, and only the presence of arthritis explained lameness (<jats:italic>z<\/jats:italic>=\u22127.81, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt;0.001). African elephants seemed to experience lower rates of foot pathology and arthritis than Asian elephants; however, this was explained by differences in age. Zoo Biol 29:221\u2013236, 2010. \u00a9 2009 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/zoo.20291","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,11]],"date-time":"2009-12-11T19:01:55Z","timestamp":1260558115000},"page":"221-236","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":57,"title":["A survey of elephant husbandry and foot health in North American zoos"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Karen D.","family":"Lewis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David J.","family":"Shepherdson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Terrah M.","family":"Owens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mike","family":"Keele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,3,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","volume-title":"Statistical methods for the social sciences","author":"Agresti A","year":"1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","volume-title":"Standards for Elephant Management and Care","author":"AZA","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","first-page":"153","volume-title":"The elephant's foot","author":"Dimeo\u2010Ediger N.","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","first-page":"203","article-title":"The EMA standard guidelines for elephant management","volume":"10","author":"EMA","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Elephant Manager's Assoc"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","first-page":"3","volume-title":"The elephant's foot","author":"Fowler ME","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","first-page":"147","volume-title":"The elephant's foot","author":"Fowler ME","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470344484"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","volume-title":"AZA Elephant Masterplan 1997\u20132002","author":"Keele M","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","volume-title":"Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) North American Regional studbook","author":"Keele M","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","volume-title":"Second nature: environmental enrichment for captive animals","author":"Kuczaj SA","year":"1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/zoo.20089"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","volume-title":"The elephant's foot","author":"Lahiri\u2010Choudhury DK","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","volume-title":"Second Nature: Environmental Enrichment for Captive Animals","author":"Laule G","year":"1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","volume-title":"Biology, medicine, and surgery of elephants","author":"Lehnhardt J.","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","volume-title":"Medical management of the elephant","author":"Mikota SK","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","unstructured":"OlsonD editor.2004. Elephant Husbandry Resource Guide: American Zoo and Aquarium Association (AZA) Elephant Manager's Association and the International Elephant Foundation."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","volume-title":"North American region studbook for the African elephant (Loxodonta africana)","author":"Olson D","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/zoo.20184"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Second nature: environmental enrichment for captive animals","author":"Shepherdson DJ","year":"1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","first-page":"69","article-title":"Environmental enrichment for elephants: current status and future directions","volume":"10","author":"Shepherdson DJ.","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Elephant Managers"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","volume-title":"Using multivariate statistics","author":"Tabachnick BG","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-2361(1998)17:4<311::AID-ZOO5>3.0.CO;2-C"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","volume-title":"Zoo research guidelines: statistics for typical zoo datasets","author":"Wehnelt SB\u2010SH","year":"2006"}],"container-title":["Zoo Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fzoo.20291","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/zoo.20291","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,13]],"date-time":"2023-09-13T01:48:34Z","timestamp":1694569714000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/zoo.20291"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,3]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/zoo.20291"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/zoo.20291","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0733-3188","1098-2361"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0733-3188","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-2361","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,3]]}}}