{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T17:40:24Z","timestamp":1791308424575,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,28]],"date-time":"2013-12-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1388188800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Zoo Biology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:label\/>\n                    <jats:p>Zoos and other ex situ wildlife institutions can play an important role in species conservation by maintaining populations for education and research, as sources for potential re\u2010introduction or reinforcement, and as ambassadors for financial support of in situ conservation. However, many regional zoo associations are realizing that current captive populations are unsustainable, with many programs failing to meet demographic and genetic goals to ensure long\u2010term viability. Constraints on population size due to limited space often mandate delayed and\/or less frequent breeding, but for females of many species this can have profound effects on fertility. A retrospective analysis combined with published literature and reliable anecdotal reports reveals that, when females are housed in a non\u2010breeding situation for extended periods of time, reproductive changes that negatively impact fertility have occurred in multiple species, including canids, elephants, white rhinoceros, Seba's bats, wildebeest, stingrays, and some felid species. Competing space needs and changing interest in taxa for exhibits over time compound the problem. Counter strategies to breed early and often have their own demographic and genetic consequences as well as logistical and political implications. Strategies to mitigate the sustainability crisis in these taxa might include a mixed strategy in which young, genetically valuable females are bred earlier and at more regular intervals to ensure reproductive success, in combination with the judicious use of available tools to manage the number of offspring produced, including contraception and culling. An understanding of the issues at stake is the first step towards developing management strategies for sustainable populations. Zoo Biol. 33:20\u201328, 2014. \u00a9 2013 Wiley Periodicals Inc.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/zoo.21104","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,28]],"date-time":"2013-12-28T01:50:36Z","timestamp":1388195436000},"page":"20-28","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":82,"title":["\u201cUse it or lose it\u201d: Characterization, implications, and mitigation of female infertility in captive wildlife"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Linda M.","family":"Penfold","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"South\u2010East Zoo Alliance for Reproduction and Conservation Yulee Florida"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Powell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wildlife Conservation Society Bronx New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathy","family":"Traylor\u2010Holzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IUCN SSC Conservation Breeding Specialist Group Apple Valley Minnesota"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheryl S.","family":"Asa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AZA Wildlife Contraception Center Saint Louis Zoo St. Louis Missouri"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1354\/vp.41-2-179"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197901043000103"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.56021\/9780801883040","volume-title":"Wildlife contraception: issues, methods and application","author":"Asa CS.","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","unstructured":"AsaCS PortonI.1991.Concerns prospects for contraception in carnivores. Proceedings of the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians; 1991 Sep 28\u2013Oct 3; Atlanta GA. p298\u2013303."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1090.2010.00123.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/zoo.21069"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","first-page":"139","volume-title":"Zoos in the 21st century: catalysts for conservation","author":"Baker A.","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","first-page":"19","article-title":"Captive populations and genetic sustainability","volume":"12","author":"Ballou JD","year":"2011","journal-title":"WAZA Mag"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","first-page":"102","volume-title":"Intensively managed populations for conservation workshop report","author":"CBSG","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/zoo.20352"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.110.089417"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/zoo.20377"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/jrf.0.0880559"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(83)91014-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","first-page":"33431","volume-title":"Biology of Sharks and their relatives","author":"Gelsleichter J.","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2004.05.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2005.09.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1194442"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/zoo.21029"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1090.2008.00066.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","first-page":"11","article-title":"Sustainability of European Association of Zoos and Aquaria bird and mammal populations","volume":"12","author":"Leus K","year":"2011","journal-title":"WAZA Mag"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-2361(1998)17:5<369::AID-ZOO1>3.0.CO;2-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","first-page":"15","article-title":"Status of Association of Zoos and Aquariums cooperatively managed populations","volume":"12","author":"Long S","year":"2011","journal-title":"WAZA Mag"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(195705\/06)10:3<500::AID-CNCR2820100312>3.0.CO;2-V"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1354\/vp.39-4-419"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","first-page":"66","volume-title":"Wildlife contraception: issues, methods, and application","author":"Munson L","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1638\/2007-0161.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","unstructured":"SawyerR WildtD CavenderN et al.2011.The Conservation Centers for Species Survival: breeding center partnerships for sustainability. Proceedings of the 66th WAZA Annual Conference Prague Zoo 2\u20136 Oct 2011 pp 33\u201336."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","first-page":"6","article-title":"Integrating assessment of ex situ management options into species conservation planning","volume":"14","author":"Traylor\u2010Holzer K","year":"2013","journal-title":"WAZA Mag"}],"container-title":["Zoo Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fzoo.21104","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/zoo.21104","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,5]],"date-time":"2023-10-05T09:03:05Z","timestamp":1696496585000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/zoo.21104"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,28]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/zoo.21104"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/zoo.21104","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0733-3188","1098-2361"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0733-3188","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-2361","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,28]]}}}