{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T18:22:18Z","timestamp":1784830938016,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,25]],"date-time":"2014-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1411603200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Zoo Biology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:label\/><jats:p>The success of <jats:italic>ex situ<\/jats:italic> survival assurance populations as tools for amphibian conservation depends on the health and reproductive success of founder populations. Necropsy examination and histopathology of animals that die in assurance populations are useful for the identification of population\u2010limiting disease problems and can help to direct applied research efforts in areas such as amphibian husbandry and nutrition. This study reviewed postmortem findings in 167 frogs from 13 species that died in a large Panamanian rescue and survival assurance population between 2006 and 2011. Common problems identified in long\u2010term captive animals, especially in <jats:italic>Atelopus<\/jats:italic> species, were epithelial squamous metaplasia suggestive of vitamin A deficiency and a polycystic nephropathy resembling lesions seen in laboratory animals with electrolyte imbalances. Metabolic bone disease was a significant contributor to morbidity in captive\u2010bred juvenile frogs of <jats:italic>Gastrotheca cornuta<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Hemiphractus fasciatus<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Hylomantis lemur<\/jats:italic>. Findings common to multiple species included poor overall nutritional condition that was sometimes attributable to maladaptation to captive husbandry and epidermal hyperplasia and hyperkeratosis possibly reflecting environmental skin irritation. Infectious diseases and endoparasitism were most common in recently captured animals and included chytridiomycosis and <jats:italic>Rhabdias<\/jats:italic> sp. lungworms. Applied research efforts to improve sustainability of survival assurance populations should focus on elucidating optimal husbandry practices for diverse species, improving methods for nutritional supplementation of cultured insects and examination of the role of water composition in disease development. Zoo Biol. 33:516\u2013526, 2014. \u00a9 2014 Wiley Periodicals Inc.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/zoo.21166","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,25]],"date-time":"2014-09-25T13:32:47Z","timestamp":1411651967000},"page":"516-526","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Causes of mortality in anuran amphibians from an <i>ex situ<\/i> survival assurance colony in Panama"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Allan P.","family":"Pessier","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Wildlife Disease Laboratories Institute for Conservation Research San Diego Zoo Global San Diego California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric J.","family":"Baitchman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Services Zoo New England Boston Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Crump","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Conservation and Science Houston Zoo Houston Texas"},{"name":"Department of Biology Canadian Rivers Institute University of New Brunswick Saint John New Brunswick Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brad","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Veterinary Clinic West Marietta Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edgardo","family":"Griffith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"El Valle Amphibian Conservation Center El Valle de Ant\u00f3n Panama"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heidi","family":"Ross","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"El Valle Amphibian Conservation Center El Valle de Ant\u00f3n Panama"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2009.06.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvex.2013.05.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2378","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.37.7.2378-2380.1999","article-title":"Chlamydia pneumoniae in a free\u2010ranging giant barred frog (Mixophyes iteratus) from Australia","volume":"37","author":"Berger L","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2011.12.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-4377-1986-4.00029-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/7.4.843","article-title":"Parathyroid glands of amphibians. 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