{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,12]],"date-time":"2023-09-12T08:10:14Z","timestamp":1694506214418},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,2]],"date-time":"2014-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1409616000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"Disney\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s Animal Kingdom, Animal Nutrition Center"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Zoo Biology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:label \/><jats:p>\u201cBrown skin disease\u201d (BSD) is a clinical syndrome of dysecdysis, chronic weight loss and death, previously reported in Puerto Rican crested toads (<jats:italic>Peltophryne lemur<\/jats:italic>). Although vitamin A deficiency has been suggested, its cause remains unknown and multiple treatments have failed to prevent or reverse the condition. This study compared the efficacy of vitamin A supplementation, administered in different forms and by different routes, in 48 captive born Puerto Rican crested toads fed from metamorphosis on gut\u2010loaded, dusted, commercially raised crickets. Forty\u2010five toads started to show clinical signs of BSD at 9 months of age; all toads were treated orally with an oil\u2010based vitamin A formulation twice weekly for 2 months but continued to deteriorate. Two treatment groups were then compared: Animals in one group (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200919) received 2 IU injectable vitamin A (Aquasol\u2010A) per gram bodyweight subcutaneously twice weekly for 3 months with no change in diet. Toads in the other group (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200922) received a single oral dose of vitamins A, D<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>, and E, and were fed on earthworms and crickets gut\u2010loaded with produce and a finely\u2010ground alfalfa\u2010based pellet, dusted with the same vitamin\/mineral supplement. All affected animals developed severe BSD equally and died during, or were euthanized at the end of, the treatment regimen, with no clinical improvement. Animals supplemented with Aquasol\u2010A had significantly higher liver vitamin A concentrations compared with the other treatment group, whereas serum retinol concentrations showed no significant difference. Vitamin A supplementation does not appear a successful treatment once BSD symptoms have developed. Zoo Biol. 33:553\u2013557, 2014. \u00a9 2014 Wiley Periodicals Inc.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/zoo.21167","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,2]],"date-time":"2014-09-02T15:19:53Z","timestamp":1409671193000},"page":"553-557","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The effect of supplementation with vitamin A on serum and liver concentrations in Puerto Rican crested toads (<i>Peltophryne lemur<\/i>) and its lack of impact on brown skin disease"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Christopher","family":"Dutton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Toronto Zoo Scarborough Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Lentini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Toronto Zoo Scarborough Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Charlene","family":"Berkvens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Toronto Zoo Scarborough Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Graham","family":"Crawshaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Toronto Zoo Scarborough Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/zoo.21169"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2004.10.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/neu.20242"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1897\/04-126R.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/biof.1056"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","first-page":"107","volume-title":"The vitamins: fundamental aspects in nutrition and health","author":"Combs GF.","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-141604047-7.50019-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/zoo.21168"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu3010063"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/zoo.21102"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","unstructured":"DuttonC CrawshawG BerkvensC et al.2010. \u201cBrown Skin Syndrome\u201d in the Puerto Rican crested toad (Bufo[Peltophryne]lemur). Proceedings of the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians. South Padre Island."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/131.5.1405"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2011.02.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","volume-title":"Puerto Rican Crested Toad (Peltophryne lemur) SSP Husbandry Manual. Keeper and Curator Edition","author":"Lentini A.","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","unstructured":"McCombA.2010.Evaluation of Vitamin A Supplementations for Captive Amphibian Species. [MSc dissertation]. Raleigh: North Carolina State University."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/bj0450612"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","unstructured":"PessierAP.2007.Nutritional diseases of amphibians. In: Ward AM Hunt AS Maslanka M editors. Proceedings of the 7th Conference on Zoo and Wildlife Nutrition Knoxville: AZA Nutrition Advisory Group. p 141\u2013143."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","first-page":"271","volume-title":"Current therapy in reptile medicine and surgery","author":"Pessier AP.","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","unstructured":"PessierAP RobertsDR LinnM et al.2002. \u201cShort tongue syndrome\u201d lingual squamous metaplasia and suspected hypovitaminosis A in captive Wyoming toads Bufo baxteri. Proceedings of the Association of Reptilian and Amphibian Veterinarians. Reno."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","unstructured":"PRCT SSP.2006.The Puerto Rican Crested Toad Species Survival Plan Website. <www.crestedtoadssp.org>. Downloaded on 28th September 2013."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/132.2.324"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B0-72-169327-X\/50079-1"}],"container-title":["Zoo Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fzoo.21167","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/zoo.21167","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,11]],"date-time":"2023-09-11T13:22:01Z","timestamp":1694438521000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/zoo.21167"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,2]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/zoo.21167"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/zoo.21167","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0733-3188","1098-2361"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0733-3188","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-2361","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,2]]}}}