{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,4]],"date-time":"2025-05-04T18:10:02Z","timestamp":1746382202109,"version":"3.40.4"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,17]],"date-time":"2014-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1410912000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"CAZA-NARG"},{"name":"Toronto Zoo"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Zoo Biology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:label\/><jats:p>The captive breeding program for the endangered Puerto Rican crested toad (<jats:italic>Peltophryne<\/jats:italic>[<jats:italic>Bufo<\/jats:italic>]<jats:italic>lemur<\/jats:italic>) has been hampered by an undiagnosed condition called \u201cBrown Skin Disease\u201d (BSD). Toads develop widespread skin darkening, skin thickening and abnormal shedding and eventually succumb to a chronic loss of viability. This project evaluated the marine toad (<jats:italic>Bufo marinus<\/jats:italic>) as a model for the PRCT, examining vitamin A deficiency as a potential cause of BSD. Wild caught marine toads had significantly higher liver vitamin A concentrations (61.89\u2009\u00b1\u200963.49\u2009\u00b5g\/g) than captive born marine toads (0.58\u2009\u00b1\u20090.59\u2009\u00b5g\/g);<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). A significant difference in serum vitamin A concentration was found between the captive and wild caught toads (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.013) and between the low vitamin A\u2010fed and wild caught toads (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.004), when controlling for liver vitamin A concentrations. After captive toads were treated with topical and\/or oral vitamin A, their hepatic vitamin A concentrations were similar to those of the wild toads, averaging 48.41\u2009\u00b1\u200937.03\u2009\u00b5g\/g. However, plasma vitamin A concentrations pre\u2010 and post\u2010vitamin A supplementation did not differ statistically. We concluded that plasma vitamin A concentrations do not provide a linear indication of liver\/body vitamin A status, and that both topical and oral supplementation with an oil\u2010based vitamin A formulation can increase liver stores in amphibians. No evidence of BSD or other signs of deficiency were noted in the marine toads, although this feeding trial was relatively short (127 days). To date, clinical, pathological and research findings do not support vitamin A deficiency as a primary factor underlying BSD. Zoo Biol. 33:536\u2013543, 2014. \u00a9 2014 Wiley Periodicals Inc.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/zoo.21169","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,17]],"date-time":"2014-09-17T14:25:21Z","timestamp":1410963921000},"page":"536-543","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Serum and hepatic vitamin A levels in captive and wild marine toads (<i>Bufo marinus<\/i>)"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Charlene N.","family":"Berkvens","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Toronto Zoo Scarborough Ontario, Canada M1B 5K7"},{"name":"Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College University of Guelph Guelph Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Lentini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Toronto Zoo Scarborough Ontario, Canada M1B 5K7"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christopher J.","family":"Dutton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Toronto Zoo Scarborough Ontario, Canada M1B 5K7"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David L.","family":"Pearl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College University of Guelph Guelph Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ian K.","family":"Barker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College University of Guelph Guelph Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Graham J.","family":"Crawshaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Toronto Zoo Scarborough Ontario, Canada M1B 5K7"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","unstructured":"AOAC Official Method.2001.13. 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