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We determined the incidence and demographics of PKD in the captive population historically; we tested if the condition is linked to pedigree; we investigated mode of inheritance; we examined effects of PKD on longevity; we conducted survival analysis; and we examined long\u2010term population viability. Thirty\u2010seven percent of 149 necropsied adult pygmy hippos were affected by PKD, and it was more common in females, controlling for the overall female\u2010biased sex\u2010ratio. Prevalence increased significantly with age, but most hippos were beyond their reproductive prime before developing clinical signs; thus fecundity was likely unaffected. PKD was linked to pedigree and may exhibit X\u2010linked dominance, but further research is needed to definitively establish the mode of inheritance. PKD did not affect longevity, overall or within any age class. There was no significant correlation between inbreeding coefficient (<jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic>) and PKD, and the prevalence in wild\u2010caught and captive\u2010born animals was similar. Longevity for both captive\u2010born and inbred hippos (<jats:italic>F\u2009<\/jats:italic>&gt;\u20090) was significantly shorter than longevity for their wild\u2010caught and non\u2010inbred counterparts. Demographic projections indicated the extant population will likely experience a slow increase over time, provided there are no space constraints. We conclude that although PKD is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in pygmy hippos, the condition is not a primary concern for overall viability of the captive population.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/zoo.21351","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,15]],"date-time":"2017-02-15T06:12:46Z","timestamp":1487139166000},"page":"136-151","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Demographics of polycystic kidney disease and captive population viability in pygmy hippopotamus (<i>Choeropsis liberiensis<\/i>)"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Gabriella L.","family":"Flacke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Animal Biology University of Western Australia Crawley Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joseph L.","family":"Tomkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Animal Biology University of Western Australia Crawley Australia"},{"name":"Center for Evolutionary Biology, School of Animal Biology University of Western Australia Crawley Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Black","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Animal Biology University of Western Australia Crawley Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Beatrice","family":"Steck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zoo Basel Basel Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.jhered.a022945"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","volume-title":"Analysis of vertebrate populations","author":"Caughley G","year":"1977"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0004950"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1993.79"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","volume-title":"Plant and animal populations: methods in demography","author":"Ebert T. 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