{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,6]],"date-time":"2025-12-06T17:06:06Z","timestamp":1765040766515,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,14]],"date-time":"2017-11-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1510617600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Zoo Biology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:label\/><jats:p>Giraffes are ruminants feeding on fresh browse and twigs in the wild, but in zoos, their diet is mainly based on alfalfa hay, grains, and pellets occasionally supplemented by twigs and foliage. These diets, which differ in composition and digestibility, affect the behavior of the animals, tooth wear patterns, and chewing efficiency. We quantified several parameters of the rumination process in ten zoo housed giraffes of different sexes and ages fed either with alfalfa hay, fresh browse, or a combination of both. Chewing during rumination was highly ritualized and specimens showed an even distribution of chewing directions during this process, which prevents uneven tooth wear and use of chewing muscles. During rumination of alfalfa hay, chewing cycles of the giraffes took on average 49\u2009s and included 54 jaw movements compared to 37\u2009s and 42 jaw movements during rumination of browse, respectively. Single jaw movements (measured as basic chewing rates) were on average significantly slower during rumination of alfalfa hay (alfalfa: 1.10 chews per second, browse: 1.17 chews per second) and intercycle times between two chewing cycles took significantly longer (alfalfa: 7.77\u2009s, browse: 7.46\u2009s). Our results clearly indicate that several rumination parameters are influenced by the type of diet.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/zoo.21386","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,14]],"date-time":"2017-11-14T06:12:38Z","timestamp":1510639958000},"page":"407-412","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Quantitative aspects of the ruminating process in giraffes (<i>Giraffa camelopardalis<\/i>) fed with different diets"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5885-7988","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dominik","family":"Sch\u00fc\u00dfler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Biology University of D\u00fcsseldorf Universit\u00e4tsstr. 1 D\u00fcsseldorf Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hartmut","family":"Greven","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Biology University of D\u00fcsseldorf Universit\u00e4tsstr. 1 D\u00fcsseldorf Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1163\/156853974X00534"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1591(01)00137-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1017\/S0962728600024052","article-title":"The effect of increasing dietary fiber on feeding, rumination and oral stereotypies in captive giraffes (Giraffa camelopardalis)","volume":"10","author":"Baxter E.","year":"2001","journal-title":"Animal Welfare"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","unstructured":"Brown D.(2015). Tracker video analysis and modeling tool 4.87.https:\/\/physlets.org\/tracker\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03004"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","first-page":"233","article-title":"Serous fat atrophy and other nutrition\u2010related health problems in captive giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis): An evaluation of 83 necropsy reports","volume":"6","author":"Clauss M.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proceedings of the European Association of Zoo and Wildlife Veterinarians"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/zoo.1031"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","first-page":"99","article-title":"Digestive tract pathology of captive giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis) an unifying hypothesis","volume":"4","author":"Clauss M.","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proceedings of the European Association of Zoo\u2010 and Wildlife Veterinarians"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0706.2003.12406.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1638\/06-032.1"},{"volume-title":"The giraffe: Its biology, behavior and ecology","year":"1982","author":"Dagg A. I.","key":"e_1_2_7_12_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/11956860.2001.11682641"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1206\/0003-0082(2000)301<0001:FCOUMU>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0706.2009.17807.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1644\/07-MAMM-A-188.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1163\/156853994X00271"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00378733"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","first-page":"71","article-title":"Giraffe husbandry and feeding practices in Europe: Results of an EEP survey","volume":"6","author":"Hummel J.","year":"2006","journal-title":"European Association of Zoo\u2010 and Wildlife Veterinarians (EAZWV) 6th Scientific Meeting"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","first-page":"235","article-title":"The influence of roughage intake on the occurrence of oral disturbances in captive giraffids","volume":"3","author":"Hummel J.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Zoo Animal Nutrition"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/zoo.20161"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","unstructured":"IBM Corp. (2012). IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows Version 21.0. Armonk New York.https:\/\/www.ibm.com\/analytics\/us\/en\/technology\/spss\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smallrumres.2011.09.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","first-page":"13","volume-title":"Regulation of feed intake","author":"Koene P.","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511735011"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.1984.tb04288.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1095-8312.1998.tb01516.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wear.2013.01.115"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.zoolgart.2017.04.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3565648"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1591(99)00037-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7557\/2.6.2.664"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0962728600018571"}],"container-title":["Zoo Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fzoo.21386","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/zoo.21386","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,29]],"date-time":"2023-09-29T22:20:56Z","timestamp":1696026056000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/zoo.21386"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,14]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/zoo.21386"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/zoo.21386","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0733-3188","1098-2361"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0733-3188"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1098-2361"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,14]]}}}