{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T02:43:10Z","timestamp":1790131390865,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,10]],"date-time":"2020-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1581292800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"Taipei Zoo","award":["105TPZAAP-CR2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["105TPZAAP-CR2"]}]},{"name":"Taipei Zoo","award":["107TPZAAP-CR2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["107TPZAAP-CR2"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Zoo Biology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Pangolins are myrmecophagous mammals whose biology and ecology remain poorly studied. Termite mandibles and ant head capsules are the two primary remains found in pangolin feces. Determining the retention time of insect cuticles is important for understanding the digestive physiology of pangolins, while determining the recovery rate of termites and ants in feces is required to estimate the number of these prey items that are consumed by pangolins. In this study, the authors conducted feeding trials with captive Chinese pangolins (<jats:italic>Manis pentadactyla<\/jats:italic>). Sixty grams of the fungus\u2010growing termite <jats:italic>Odontotermes formosanus<\/jats:italic> (18,816 individuals) and 15\u201320\u2009g of the yellow crazy ant <jats:italic>Anoplolepis gracilipes<\/jats:italic> (14,400\u201319,200 individuals) were fed to each pangolin. After feeding, pangolin feces were collected daily for 1 week. The authors also assessed the accuracy of using chromium (III) oxide powder (Cr<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>) as a proxy for determining gut passage time, as has been done in previous studies. The results showed that remaining termite mandibles and ant head capsules in feces peaked at 66 and 90\u2009hr after feeding and their recovery rates were 0.35\u2009\u00b1\u20090.10 and 0.65\u2009\u00b1\u20090.04, respectively. In both feeding trials, the retention time of Cr<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> was much shorter than that of the termite mandibles and ant head capsules, indicating that Cr<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> is not an appropriate indicator for estimating food retention time of myrmecophagous animals. Our results revealed that the ant head capsules were preserved better in feces compared with the termite mandibles, suggesting that termites may be considerably underestimated in the feces of wild pangolins.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/zoo.21534","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,10]],"date-time":"2020-02-10T12:28:58Z","timestamp":1581337738000},"page":"168-175","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Digesta retention time and recovery rates of ants and termites in Chinese pangolins (<i>Manis pentadactyla<\/i>)"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"Nick Ching\u2010Min","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Bioresources National Pingtung University of Science and Technology Pingtung Taiwan"},{"name":"IUCN SSC Pangolin Specialist Group Zoological Society of London London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Flora Hsuan\u2010Yi","family":"Lo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IUCN SSC Pangolin Specialist Group Zoological Society of London London UK"},{"name":"Taipei Zoo Taipei Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bo\u2010Ye","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology National Chung Hsing University Taichung Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hsuan\u2010Ya","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Taipei Zoo Taipei Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chun\u2010Chieh","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Wildlife Conservation National Pingtung University of Science and Technology Pingtung Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chung\u2010Chi","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology National Changhua University of Education Changhua Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shih\u2010Chien","family":"Chin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IUCN SSC Pangolin Specialist Group Zoological Society of London London UK"},{"name":"Taipei Zoo Taipei Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9444-8716","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hou\u2010Feng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology National Chung Hsing University Taichung Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1940082917749224"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","unstructured":"Challender D. Baillie J. Ades G. Kaspal P. Chan B. Khatiwada A. \u2026Hsieh H.(2014).Manis pentadactyla. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species(Version 2014.3)."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114510004101"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/421750"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/z96-101"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1381753"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2981\/12-121"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/ZO04018"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","first-page":"339","article-title":"The numbat \u2010 An endangered specialist","volume":"20","author":"Friend T.","year":"1982","journal-title":"Australian Natural History"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2012.05.184"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3544212"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","volume-title":"Echidnas","author":"Griffiths M.","year":"1968"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jpn.12223"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","first-page":"9","article-title":"PAST: Paleontological statistics software package for education and data analysis","volume":"4","author":"Hammer \u00d8.","year":"2001","journal-title":"Palaeontologia Electronica"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/zoo.1430060102"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/zoo.1430070402"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2028.1997.080-89080.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2011.03.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3897\/zookeys.507.6970"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/mamm.1981.45.1.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1163\/15707563-00002462"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","unstructured":"IUCN. (2017).The IUCN red list of threatened species(2017.3). Retrieved fromhttp:\/\/www.iucnredlist.org\/search"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","first-page":"94","article-title":"A contribution to the ecology of the Steppe Pangolin Manis temminckii in the Transvaal","volume":"56","author":"Jacobsen N. H. G.","year":"1991","journal-title":"Mammalian Biology"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2907.2011.00183.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1940082917709648"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Home range, activity cycle and natal den usage of a female Sunda pangolin Manis javanica (Mammalia: Pholidota) in Singapore","volume":"3","author":"Lim N. T. L.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Endangered Species Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/zoo.21212"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","first-page":"1533","article-title":"Plant species association, burrow characteristics and the diet of the Indian pangolin, Manis crassicaudata, in the Potohar Plateau, Pakistan","volume":"45","author":"Mahmood T.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pakistan Journal of Zoology"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.1984.tb02345.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11692-011-9121-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.10048"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3377\/004.049.0215"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jzo.12302"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2907.1984.tb00341.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.1984.tb02339.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","first-page":"415","volume-title":"Mammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference","author":"Schlitter D. A.","year":"1993"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2008.02.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","first-page":"229","article-title":"Japanese termites","volume":"2","author":"Shiraki T.","year":"1909","journal-title":"Transactions of the Entomological Society of Japan"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1096-3642.1857.tb01759.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_41_1","volume-title":"Comparative physiology of the vertebrate digestive system","author":"Stevens C. E.","year":"1995"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1940082918788450"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/mammalia-2018-0139"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_44_1","first-page":"865","article-title":"A propos des termites au point de vue alimentaire","volume":"37","author":"Tihon L.","year":"1946","journal-title":"Bulletin Agricole du Congo Belge"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-395529-6.50006-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1644\/1545-1542(2004)085<0015:CIIB>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_47_1","first-page":"337","article-title":"Observation on food habits and foraging behavior of Chinese Pangolin Manis pentadactyla","volume":"11","author":"Wu S. B.","year":"2005","journal-title":"Chinese Journal of Applied and Environmental Biology"}],"container-title":["Zoo Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fzoo.21534","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/zoo.21534","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/zoo.21534","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/zoo.21534","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,7]],"date-time":"2023-09-07T02:47:02Z","timestamp":1694054822000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/zoo.21534"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,10]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/zoo.21534"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/zoo.21534","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0733-3188","1098-2361"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0733-3188","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-2361","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2019-03-06","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-01-27","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-02-10","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}