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For example, although variations exist across subspecies, seasons, and study sites, diurnal activity budgets for free\u2010ranging gorillas largely consist of feeding and resting. Unfortunately, most studies do not consistently differentiate between the type of activities gorillas exhibit while locomoting versus stationary. Therefore, it can be difficult to characterize optimal levels of aerobic activity that might enhance body condition or promote gorilla health in zoos and sanctuaries. In this study, we concurrently measured the mobility state and activity of mountain gorillas (<jats:italic>Gorilla beringei beringei<\/jats:italic>) in Volcanoes National Park, Rwanda. From June to August 2015, behavioral data were collected using group scan sampling with 15\u2010min intervals in two groups (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200929 gorillas) monitored by the Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund International. Overall, gorillas spent significantly more time immobile (85.2% of observations) than mobile\u00a0(14.8%), revealing energy expenditure levels comparable to western lowland gorillas living in zoos. There was no difference in behavioral diversity when gorillas were mobile versus immobile but adult females exhibited substantially less behavioral diversity while immobile than other age\u2010sex classes. There was more diversity in behaviors following the transition from immobile to mobile than vice versa, particularly for adult females. Future studies should concurrently measure mobility state and behavior to improve the precision of activity budget data and serve as a more useful tool for evaluating optimal activity levels for wildlife in human care.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/zoo.21673","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,31]],"date-time":"2022-01-31T08:50:39Z","timestamp":1643619039000},"page":"503-511","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Distinguishing mobility and immobility when establishing species\u2010specific activity budgets: A case study with gorillas (<i>Gorilla berengei berengei<\/i> and <i>Gorilla gorilla gorilla<\/i>)"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Jean D.","family":"Nsekanabo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Karisoke Research Center,\u00a0Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund International Musanze Rwanda"},{"name":"Department of Biology University of Rwanda Huye Rwanda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0954-6571","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Austin","family":"Leeds","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cleveland Metroparks Zoo Cleveland Ohio USA"},{"name":"Department of Biology Case Western Reserve University Cleveland Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Winnie","family":"Eckardt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Karisoke Research Center,\u00a0Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund International Musanze Rwanda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Deogratias","family":"Tuyisingize","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Karisoke Research Center,\u00a0Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund International Musanze Rwanda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aisha","family":"Nyiramana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology University of Rwanda Huye Rwanda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4713-2652","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kristen E.","family":"Lukas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cleveland Metroparks Zoo Cleveland Ohio USA"},{"name":"Department of Biology Case Western Reserve University Cleveland Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10531-019-01838-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1163\/156853974X00534"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7120\/09627286.28.2.157"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0218763"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1896\/052.029.0106"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-2345(1998)46:1<3::AID-AJP2>3.0.CO;2-#"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1020528115829"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harcourt A. 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