{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,2]],"date-time":"2025-04-02T14:03:00Z","timestamp":1743602580890,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,13]],"date-time":"2022-11-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668297600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Zoo Biology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Stereotypic pacing in zoo\u2010housed carnivores has been intensively researched for decades, revealing that it is a subtly complex behavior with a highly variable etiology. While pacing can be an indicator of poor welfare, it can also be anticipatory in nature, or even have a completely different motivating operation. In this case study, the pacing of a zoo\u2010housed polar bear, \u201cTundra,\u201d was maintained through inadvertent reinforcement. Baseline data revealed that in 86% of afternoon observations, Tundra paced when the door to shift him off\u2010exhibit was opened. Upon changing the contingencies of reinforcement, there was a change in his behavior; initially with a shift in time, and then a shift in duration. Using a strategy of Differential Reinforcement of an Incompatible behavior, the pacing bout duration significantly decreased from a median of 4\u2009min 13\u2009s to 2\u2009min 26\u2009s. Due to the potential for repetitive walking to negatively influence captive carnivore welfare and the high individual variability of this behavior, investigation into the ontogeny and motivation for these behaviors should continue.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/zoo.21745","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,14]],"date-time":"2022-11-14T05:14:34Z","timestamp":1668402874000},"page":"390-396","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Case study: Modifying repetitive behavior in a polar bear (<i>Ursus maritimus<\/i>)"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"Desirae","family":"Cambrelen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Behavioral Husbandry The Bronx Zoo, Wildlife Conservation Society Bronx New York USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7928-0751","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Melissa","family":"Nelson Slater","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Behavioral Husbandry The Bronx Zoo, Wildlife Conservation Society Bronx New York USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1901\/jeab.1977.27-33"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2007.02.003"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1002\/zoo.20247","article-title":"Formal behavioural evaluation of enrichment programs on a zookeeper's schedule: A case study with a polar bear (Ursus maritimus) at the Bronx Zoo","volume":"29","author":"Canino W.","year":"2009","journal-title":"Zoo Biology"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/zoo.1430100103"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1079\/9780851993591.0337"},{"volume-title":"Learning and Behavior","year":"2009","author":"Chance P.","key":"e_1_2_9_7_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/zoo.21379"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2015.04.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/425473a"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beproc.2020.104299"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvex.2020.08.002"},{"volume-title":"Behavior Modification in Applied Settings","year":"2001","author":"Kazdin A. E.","key":"e_1_2_9_13_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10888705.2017.1283225"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lawrence A.(1987). Consumer demand theory and the assessment of animal welfare.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-3472(87)80236-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jveb.2013.05.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2006.05.041"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-3472(05)80640-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0049180"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","first-page":"30","article-title":"Environmental enrichment and the importance of exploratory behavior","volume":"1","author":"Mench J. A.","year":"1998","journal-title":"In Second nature: Environmental enrichment for captive animals"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7120\/09627286.25.3.325"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","unstructured":"R Core Team(2017). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing Vienna Austria. URLhttps:\/\/www.R-project.org\/"},{"volume-title":"Animal Training: Successful animal management through positive reinforcement","year":"1999","author":"Ramirez K.","key":"e_1_2_9_23_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10888705.2021.1958684"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jveb.2017.02.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beproc.2006.04.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2013.01.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0174711"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/zoo.21144"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2013.02.004"}],"container-title":["Zoo Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/zoo.21745","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/zoo.21745","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/zoo.21745","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,30]],"date-time":"2023-11-30T19:07:04Z","timestamp":1701371224000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/zoo.21745"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,13]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/zoo.21745"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/zoo.21745","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0733-3188","1098-2361"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0733-3188"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1098-2361"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-03-23","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-10-25","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-11-13","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}