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Since little is known about the effects of such designs on the welfare of captive carnivores specifically, we timed the behaviors exhibited by four tigers (<jats:italic>Panthera tigris<\/jats:italic> [Linnaeus]) given access to three exhibit configurations: one exhibit only (E, baseline); one exhibit and approximately 19\u2009m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> of trail (ET); and two exhibits connected by approximately 46\u2009m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> of trail (E2T). Behaviors were recorded during 1\u2010h AM, Noon, and PM periods in Phase I (2017), and 2\u2010h AM and PM periods in Phase II (2018). Percentages of behavior occurrence were analyzed using generalized linear mixed models (GLMM), with treatment and time of day as fixed effects. Tigers were least active at noon (Phase I), while active behaviors were prevalent during mornings and afternoons in both Phases. In Phase II (E2T vs. E), active and exploratory behaviors such as sniffing increased, while pacing and inactivity decreased (all <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009\u2264\u2009.001). We also examined nocturnal tiger movement using infrared motion\u2010activated cameras. In parallel with diurnal observations, tiger activity in E2T greatly exceeded that in E. Nocturnal movement was most pronounced from 1800 to 2200 and least frequent from 0100 to 0400, closely matching patterns observed in the wild. Results indicate that offering tigers voluntary access to larger and more complex spaces stimulates natural behaviors and decreases stereotypical behaviors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/zoo.21746","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,7]],"date-time":"2022-12-07T17:45:21Z","timestamp":1670435121000},"page":"371-382","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Effects of a modern exhibit design on captive tiger welfare"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"Kirsten D.","family":"Smith","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrative Biology Michigan State University  East Lansing Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard J.","family":"Snider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrative Biology Michigan State University  East Lansing Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel P.","family":"Dembiec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Care Memphis Zoo  Memphis Tennessee USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janice M.","family":"Siegford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, Animal Behavior and Welfare Group Michigan State University  East Lansing Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed B.","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal and Veterinary Science Clemson University  Clemson South Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","volume-title":"The accreditation standards & related policies","author":"AZA","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","volume-title":"Tiger care manual","author":"AZA Tiger Species Survival Plan\u00ae","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0030605306000147"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2015.11.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2014.02.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-1591(88)90122-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/425473a"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","unstructured":"Coe J.(2004).Mixed species rotation exhibits 9."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","first-page":"202","volume-title":"Wild mammals in captivity: Principles and techniques for zoo management","author":"Coe J.","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/zoo.21361"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/zoo.20012"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.2006.00102.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goodrich J. 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