{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T12:02:32Z","timestamp":1785844952799,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,17]],"date-time":"2024-01-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1705449600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Zoo Biology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The Louisiana pinesnake (<jats:italic>Pituophis ruthveni<\/jats:italic>) is considered one of the rarest snakes in North America and was federally listed under the Endangered Species Act in 2018. Captive breeding and reintroduction of zoo\u2010bred hatchlings has been successful, however, limited founders in the captive population and the inability to bring new, wild genes into the captive colony presents a major concern for the conservation of this species. The use of artificial insemination (AI) was first applied to snakes in the 1980s but further development of the technique has since received little attention. Our goal was to develop a method of AI for use in breeding Louisiana pinesnakes to facilitate gene flow from wild to captive populations. We inseminated two captive Louisiana pinesnakes with semen collected from one donor male, novel to both females. Timing of AI occurred following the emergence of females from brumation, and when large, distinct follicles were detected using digital palpation. Females were inseminated four and five times over a period of 14 and 19 days, respectively, using fresh and 2\u2010day refrigerator stored semen. One female laid seven eggs, which resulted in four fertile eggs and two viable hatchlings, while the second female produced three fertile of seven eggs laid but no viable hatchlings. Genetic analyses confirmed the donor male was the sire of hatchlings. This is the first successful AI of an endangered snake species and provides a framework for the use and optimization of assisted reproductive technologies for use in conservation breeding programs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/zoo.21817","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,18]],"date-time":"2024-01-18T07:08:19Z","timestamp":1705561699000},"page":"178-182","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["First successful artificial insemination of the endangered Louisiana pinesnake, <i>Pituophis ruthveni<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"43","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3352-8453","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beth M.","family":"Roberts","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Conservation and Research Memphis Zoo Memphis Tennessee USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0162-7265","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark R.","family":"Sandfoss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Conservation and Research Memphis Zoo Memphis Tennessee USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7712-2810","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tonia S.","family":"Schwartz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences Auburn University Auburn Alabama USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexis","family":"Lindsey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences Auburn University Auburn Alabama USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5899-5256","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kristin M.","family":"Hinkson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Conservation and Research Memphis Zoo Memphis Tennessee USA"},{"name":"BCS Laboratories Gainesville Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7766-2107","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steven B.","family":"Reichling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Conservation and Research Memphis Zoo Memphis Tennessee USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2008.09.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/RD15466"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/RDv34n5_FO"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2008.09.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1638\/05-098.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2144\/99266bm09"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","unstructured":"Foster C. D.(2020). AZA regional studbook. Louisiana Pine Snake (Pituophis ruthveni). Phoenix Zoo."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hammerson G. A.(2007).Pituophis ruthveni. The IUCN red list of threatened species 2007.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2305\/IUCN.UK.2007.RLTS.T63874A12723685.en","DOI":"10.2305\/IUCN.UK.2007.RLTS.T63874A12723685.en"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","first-page":"625","article-title":"Pituophis ruthveni (Louisiana Pinesnake). Reproduction in repatriated population","volume":"51","author":"Hinkson K. M.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Herpetological Review"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"A technique for the artificial insemination of squamates","volume":"43","author":"Hoser R.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bull Chicago Herpetological Society"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2008.09.046"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-294X.2007.03089.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2008.09.055"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12686-010-9208-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11606\/issn.1678-4456.bjvras.1994.52059"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/zoo.20144"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","unstructured":"Mengden G. A. Platz C. G. Hubbard R. &Quinn H.(1980). Semen collection freezing and artificial insemination in snakes.SSAR Contributions to Herpetology Number 1 Reproductive Biology and Diseases of Captive Reptiles. 71\u201378."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jepm.2018.02.034"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1090.1988.tb01038.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1564556"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1656\/1528-7092(2006)5[463:soprlp]2.0.co;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cryobiol.2021.06.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.1154"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"The description of a new subspecies of Pituophis melanoleucus from Louisiana","volume":"205","author":"Stull O. 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