{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T22:50:20Z","timestamp":1780959020437,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,22]],"date-time":"2024-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1705881600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Zoo Biology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>A growing spotlight on insect welfare as research subjects, fodder for vertebrate animals, and patients for veterinarians highlights the need to establish humane euthanasia methods for these species. An insect of increasing commercial importance is the king worm (<jats:italic>Zophobas morio<\/jats:italic>), a type of darkling beetle larvae. The initial objective of this study was to determine if prolonged exposure to isoflurane would lengthen anesthetic recovery and lead to euthanasia. Larvae were exposed to isoflurane for 10 min, 40 min, 70 min, 190 min, 13 h, and 24 h (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200910 for each treatment duration group), and time to recovery was subsequently monitored in room air. The second objective was to determine effectiveness of secondary euthanasia methods: injectable potassium chloride at 1\u2009mg\/g body weight (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20095) and 3\u2009mg\/g body weight (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20095) doses; immersion in 200 proof ethanol (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200910), 10% buffered formalin (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200910), and water (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200910); and freezing at \u221218\u00b0C (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200910). Prolonged exposure to isoflurane led to extended recovery times, but 100% mortality was not achieved. Submersion in ethanol and injection of potassium chloride at a 3\u2009mg\/g body weight dose resulted in 100% mortality. If these larvae are to be used as future food sources, a humane euthanasia method that preserves the ability to be consumed is required.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/zoo.21821","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,22]],"date-time":"2024-01-22T16:48:00Z","timestamp":1705942080000},"page":"164-168","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Anesthesia and humane euthanasia methods for king worm larvae (<i>Zophobas morio<\/i>)"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"43","author":[{"given":"Amber M.","family":"Lum","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine University of Illinois College of Veterinary Medicine Urbana Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krista A.","family":"Keller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine University of Illinois College of Veterinary Medicine Urbana Illinois USA"},{"name":"Department of Medicine and Epidemiology UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine Davis California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3920\/JIFF2022.0041"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","first-page":"545","article-title":"Use of injectable potassium chloride for euthanasia of American lobsters (Homarus americanus)","volume":"50","author":"Battison A.","year":"2000","journal-title":"Comparative Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.074997"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvex.2006.02.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ilar.52.2.196"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3920\/9789086867844_040"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/insects13020121"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","first-page":"401","volume-title":"Invertebrate Medicine","author":"Dombrowski D. S.","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/zoo.21026"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/2041-210X.13208"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","first-page":"577","article-title":"Evaluation of euthanasia techniques for an invertebrate species, land snails (Succinea putris)","volume":"55","author":"Gilbertson C. R.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science: JAALAS"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ilar.52.2.213"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jzbg4010020"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/zoo.21378"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13744-022-01023-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","first-page":"91","volume-title":"AVMA guidelines for the euthanasia of animals: 2020 Edition","author":"Leary S.","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jepm.2011.11.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinsphys.2017.07.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1638\/2020-0153"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","first-page":"441","volume-title":"Invertebrate Medicine","author":"Murray M. J.","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.22233\/9781905319909.21"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jisesa\/ieab014"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119569831.ch29"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1638\/2007-0060.1"}],"container-title":["Zoo Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/zoo.21821","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,9]],"date-time":"2024-04-09T03:46:51Z","timestamp":1712634411000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/zoo.21821"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,22]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/zoo.21821"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/zoo.21821","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0733-3188","1098-2361"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0733-3188","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-2361","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-06-13","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-01-04","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-01-22","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}