{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T19:34:21Z","timestamp":1771529661137,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,10]],"date-time":"2025-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757462400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Zoo Biology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Addressing the presence of stereotypies \u2013 repetitive, functionless behaviors \u2013 has been at the forefront of contemporary welfare research in zoos. Stereotypies present themselves in many different forms, dependent on the biology of a species, internal and external motivational factors, individual animals' history, and early development. In the case of giraffes, a popular and charismatic species found in zoos, stereotypies concerning the mouth and tongue \u2013 oral stereotypies \u2013 are especially prevalent. Various hypotheses have been developed in tandem with the observation of giraffe oral stereotypies, mostly surrounding their motivations pertaining to food acquisition. Such hypotheses suggest that oral stereotypies persist due to (1) unfulfilled natural feeding behaviors, (2) nutritional and behavioral discrepancies in food presentation, and\/or (3) an imbalance between concentrate grain and dietary fiber. Findings from recent literature suggest that the implementation of complex feeders, increased browse allotment, and a diet that is overall more closely representative of what wild giraffes receive has helped to decrease instances of oral stereotypy. An integrative approach employing each of these hypotheses is recommended to address the multifaceted mechanisms that may underly giraffe oral stereotypy. The most recent studies in this area have already begun to incorporate such approaches, and future studies would benefit from the continued consideration of multiple motivational factors when addressing oral stereotypy in zoo\u2010housed giraffes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/zoo.70024","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,10]],"date-time":"2025-09-10T10:51:17Z","timestamp":1757501477000},"page":"535-543","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A Review of Approaches for Addressing Oral Stereotypic Behavior in Zoo\u2010Housed Giraffes"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"Mars M.","family":"Bollnow","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Welfare Science Brookfield Zoo Chicago Brookfield Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Molly E.","family":"Podraza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Welfare Science Brookfield Zoo Chicago Brookfield Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6649-0004","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lance J.","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Welfare Science Brookfield Zoo Chicago Brookfield Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1591(01)00137-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0962728600024052"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1079\/9780851990040.0019"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-4557-7397-8.00061-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","first-page":"81","article-title":"Stereotypies as Animal Welfare Indicators","volume":"23","author":"Broom D. M.","year":"1983","journal-title":"Current Topics in Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2527\/1991.69104167x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2024.105617"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","first-page":"12","volume-title":"Stereotypic Animal Behaviour: Fundamentals and Applications to Welfare (Box 1.1)","author":"Clubb R.","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139542302"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/aje.13252"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","first-page":"400","article-title":"Feeding Management of Giraffe Towards Positive Welfare","volume":"11","author":"Depauw S.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Zoo and Aquarium Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2022-22413"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/zoo.21248"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.46325\/gabj.v6i2.261"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/zoo.20180"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2015.12.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1638\/2023-0091"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","unstructured":"Gilbert T. C. andM.Turner.2003. The Long and the Short of It! The Effect of Lucerne Fragment Size on Rumination and Oral Stereotypies in Okapis (Okapia johnstoni)."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jpn.12790"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","first-page":"62","article-title":"Feeding Practices for Captive Giraffes (Giraffa camelopardalis) in Europe: A Survey in EEP Zoos","volume":"5","author":"Gussek I.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Zoo and Aquarium Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0442.2005.00769.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fanim.2023.1230830"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/brv.12930"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jpn.13957"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-809633-8.90715-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11609\/jott.5622.12.4.15426-15435"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2007.03.026"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/zoo.21116"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/zoo.21115"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","unstructured":"Lewis K.2023. \u201cExploring the Link Between Behavioural Needs and Stereotypic Behaviour in Ungulates.\u201d Doctoral thesis University of Portsmouth."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2022.1311"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-3472(05)80640-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10071211"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/zoo.21434"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/zoo.21275"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2403043"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.1984.tb04288.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2021.105323"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12966\/abc.03.05.2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10888700802536798"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_10_42_1","first-page":"395","article-title":"The Effects of Four Nursery Rearing Strategies on Infant Behavioral Development in Rhesus Macaques (Macaca mulatta)","volume":"48","author":"Rommeck I.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/zoo.21386"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1142\/S168264851530004X"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0962728600018571"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_10_46_1","first-page":"393","article-title":"Giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis Feeding: How Stereotypies and Other Behaviours Changed at Kolm\u00e5rdens Djurpark in Sweden","volume":"11","author":"Walld\u00e9n W.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Zoo and Aquarium Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.70001"}],"container-title":["Zoo Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/zoo.70024","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,6]],"date-time":"2025-12-06T09:51:22Z","timestamp":1765014682000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/zoo.70024"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,10]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/zoo.70024"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/zoo.70024","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0733-3188","1098-2361"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0733-3188","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-2361","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-07-26","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-08-26","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-09-10","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}