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One physiological change during the vertebrate stress response is the release of glucocorticoid hormones. Here, we measured plasma corticosterone in female domesticated budgerigars (\n                    <jats:italic>Melopsittacus undulatus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) to test whether human presence, restraint, or removal and return of a newly stressed neighbor increases corticosterone. The presence of humans for 15\u2009min at the beginning of the experiment did not significantly elevate corticosterone above baseline levels, suggesting that birds that acclimate to humans are minimally affected by their presence. However, at the end of the experiment after multiple blood sampling events, the same human presence test significantly elevated corticosterone above baseline and human presence levels measured at the beginning of the experiment. Thus, repeated blood sampling could cause progressively stronger stress responses to human presence. Restraint\u2010induced corticosterone levels were significantly higher than all other treatments, indicating that human handling activates the stress response. After stressed birds were returned home, corticosterone levels of their neighbors were significantly higher than baseline at 25\u2010 and 45\u2010min post\u2010return. However, the 25\u2010 and 45\u2010min corticosterone levels were not significantly different from each other, or levels induced by human presence at the beginning or end of the experiment. This outcome suggests that social transmission of stress was limited across the sampled time frame. These data highlight the importance of evaluating the costs and benefits of different human\u2010animal interactions in captivity, including in domesticated species that are more tolerant of forced proximity to humans.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/zoo.70028","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T10:27:04Z","timestamp":1759919224000},"page":"37-45","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Effects of Human Presence, Restraint, and Stressed Neighbors on Corticosterone Levels in Domesticated Budgerigars (\n                    <i>Melopsittacus undulatus<\/i>\n                    )"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"45","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1219-9219","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dustin G.","family":"Reichard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dept. of Zoology Ohio Wesleyan University  Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kelly V.","family":"Summers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dept. of Zoology Ohio Wesleyan University  Ohio USA"},{"name":"Santa Barbara Zoo  California USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2013.10.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0908-8857.2008.04265.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yhbeh.2011.05.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2435.12008"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2024.1961"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10530-012-0304-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2017.05.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beproc.2018.01.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2010.0164"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.2462"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygcen.2016.07.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1647\/2018-395"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep15345"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2003-0713"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/conphys\/coz093"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygcen.2005.08.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/23328940.2017.1373896"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10071-015-0873-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-56860-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1647\/2003-011"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1591(02)00280-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-1591(94)90055-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygcen.2014.09.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0962728600022946"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yhbeh.2015.10.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00071669608417833"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2023.1167016"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","unstructured":"Lenth R.(2025). emmeans: Estimated Marginal Means aka Least\u2010Squares Means. 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