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Yet animals housed in large groups, such as penguins, are seldom assessed at the individual level because of the practical difficulty of observing multiple individuals simultaneously. Using animal\u2010borne immersion loggers, we quantified long\u2010term (mean 233 days) and high\u2010frequency (10\u2010min intervals across 24\u2009h) water\u2010use patterns in 23 Magellanic penguins\n                    <jats:italic>Spheniscus magellanicus<\/jats:italic>\n                    housed at Sumida Aquarium, Tokyo, Japan from October 2022 to October 2023, comprising 13 males and 10 females, with 11 aquarium\u2010born and 12 wild\u2010born individuals. Penguins exhibited predominantly diurnal immersion, although some individuals regularly showed nocturnal immersion to a lesser extent, suggesting inter\u2010individual variation in activity chronotypes. Monthly fluctuations were modest but partly aligned with phenological periods. Individual variation was substantial: although the group\u2010level mean immersion was 35.2%, individual values ranged widely from 20.4% to 70.1%. Immersion behavior did not differ significantly by sex or birth origin; however, aquarium\u2010born individuals showed lower immersion on weekends than on weekdays, indicating that individual characteristics can mediate responses to external stimuli. Furthermore, immersion activity was not associated with whether an individual ever developed bumblefoot, although wild\u2010born individuals tended to show lower susceptibility to the condition. Meanwhile, higher baseline immersion was associated with fewer diagnostic episodes in penguins with bumblefoot, reinforcing that water use likely mitigates foot problems. Overall, this study underscores the importance of considering individual variation in welfare assessments and demonstrates the utility of animal\u2010borne tags for continuous behavioral monitoring.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/zoo.70072","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T10:44:21Z","timestamp":1777545861000},"page":"444-458","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Diving Into Diversity: Considering Intra\u2010Specific Variation in Water Immersion Activity of Aquarium\u2010Housed Magellanic Penguins"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"45","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6548-3299","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takashi","family":"Yamamoto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, School of Veterinary Medicine Azabu University Kanagawa Japan"},{"name":"The Institute of Statistical Mathematics Tokyo Japan"},{"name":"Organization for the Strategic Coordination of Research and Intellectual Properties, Meiji Institute for Advanced Study of Mathematical Sciences Meiji University Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daiki","family":"Adachi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, School of Veterinary Medicine Azabu University Kanagawa Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomohiro","family":"Kakizaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sumida Aquarium, TOKYO SKYTREE TOWN Solamachi Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yukari","family":"Takashima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sumida Aquarium, TOKYO SKYTREE TOWN Solamachi Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroe","family":"Tsunesumi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sumida Aquarium, TOKYO SKYTREE TOWN Solamachi Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8346-3291","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ken","family":"Yoda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Environmental Studies Nagoya University Aichi Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","unstructured":"Agostinelli C. andU.Lund.2025. \u201cR package \u2018circular\u2019: Circular Statistics.\u201d R package version 0.5\u20102.https:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=circular."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.51029\/jtnrs.33.0_73"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","volume-title":"Penguin (Spheniscidae) Care Manual","author":"AZA Penguin Taxon Advisory Group","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1098-2361(2000)19:2<111::AID-ZOO2>3.0.CO;2-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beproc.2024.105031"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.19227\/jzar.v8i3.505"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/343878"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beproc.2017.09.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00377386"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.32614\/RJ-2017-066"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2527\/1991.69104167x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954102021000559"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/0012-9658(1998)079[2917:AANPPT]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1474-919X.1998.tb04608.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2009.09.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/4089027"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03014223.2021.1896560"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10071224"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ani9060285"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/zoo.20380"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","first-page":"190","volume-title":"In Proceedings of the 5th Annual Symposium on Zoo Research, Marwell Zoological Park","author":"Clarke A. 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