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This covered the lactation time from nine to 16 months. The composition of milk at approximately 9.4 months lactation consisted of dry matter at 17.7\u2009g\/100\u2009g milk made up of 3.4\u2009g\/100\u2009g protein, 4.7\u2009g\/100\u2009g lactose, 8.8\u2009g\/100\u2009g fat, 0.9\u2009g\/100\u2009g ash and 0.03\u2009g\/100\u2009g NPN. The major minerals consisted of 30.2\u2009mg\/100\u2009g Na, 113.5\u2009mg\/100\u2009g\u2009K, 139.5\u2009mg\/100\u2009g Ca, 77.7\u2009mg\/100\u2009g\u2009P and 0.6\u2009mg\/100\u2009g Zn. The gross energy was 119.4 kCal\/100\u2009g. At 12 months lactation the dry matter remained unchanged at 17.0\u2009g\/100\u2009g, however, the ash and protein as well as Ca, P and Na increased. At 15.1 months lactation, the milk composition changed to 20\u2009g\/100\u2009g dry matter consisting of lactose at 0.9\u2009g\/100\u2009g, 8.8\u2009g\/100\u2009g protein, 3.5\u2009g\/100\u2009g fat, 2.2\u2009g\/100\u2009g ash, 0.08\u2009g\/100\u2009g NPN, 233.2\u2009mg\/100\u2009g Na, 121.6\u2009mg\/100\u2009g\u2009K, 293.2\u2009mg\/100\u2009g Ca, 188.9\u2009mg\/100\u2009g\u2009P, 0.7\u2009mg\/100\u2009g Zn and a gross energy of 87.6 kCal\/100\u2009g. At 16 months lactation, all the animals tested were completely dry. The microbial quality of the milk was very high, conforming to legal microbial limits of agricultural milk. Lactation stage had a decreasing effect on the total bacteria count and an increasing effect on yeast and mould counts. The warmer months of the year had an increasing effect on the total bacteria count, while the yeast and mould counts declined.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/zoo.70110","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T18:18:01Z","timestamp":1788286681000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Changes of Microbial and Component Composition of Giraffe Milk During Mid\u2010 to Late Lactation"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1008-4602","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"G.","family":"Osthoff","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry University of the Free State Bloemfontein South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8816-4186","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C. 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