{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T13:50:31Z","timestamp":1791467431621,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791417600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791417600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Zoo Biology"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Animal transfers among zoos and aquariums are essential for sustaining genetically diverse and demographically stable populations. However, they mark substantially disruptive events in an animal's life under human care. Current transfer practices\u2014spanning population recommendations, health evaluation, transport, quarantine, and subsequent introduction\u2014are shaped by decades of experience and now face growing impacts of climate change, regulatory complexity, and evolving welfare standards. Aquatic species, in particular, highlight gaps in existing protocols due to their wide array of unique physiological and environmental needs. This commentary examines the limitations of current approaches and explores opportunities to transform transfers over the next 50 years through innovation, collaboration, and data\u2010driven strategies. Adapting well\u2010established tools, such as PMCTrack, Zoological Information Management System (ZIMS), and Tracks Software, into welfare\u2010focused technologies, reproductive alternatives, and expanded biobanking, offers pathways to mitigate stress and enhance animal welfare. By rethinking processes and integrating species\u2010specific welfare considerations, zoos and aquariums can ensure that transfers achieve operational goals by meeting individual animal needs and also advancing long\u2010term population sustainability.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/zoo.70117","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T12:54:07Z","timestamp":1791464047000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["From There and Back Again: A Commentary on the Future of Animal Transfers in Zoos and Aquariums"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-9278-2729","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John E.","family":"Andrews","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"AZA Population Management Center at Lincoln Park Zoo Chicago Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristine Schad","family":"Eebes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AZA Population Management Center at Lincoln Park Zoo Chicago Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shannon L.","family":"O'Brien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Welfare Science Program, Lincoln Park Zoo Chicago Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathryn C.","family":"Gamble","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lincoln Park Zoo Chicago Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adrienne","family":"Horrigan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lincoln Park Zoo Chicago Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Bernier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lincoln Park Zoo Chicago Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johanna","family":"Sholar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lincoln Park Zoo Chicago Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jay","family":"Hemdal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Toledo Zoo and Aquarium Toledo Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Candice L.","family":"Dorsey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Association of Zoos and Aquariums Silver Springs Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yhbeh.2012.02.012","article-title":"The Effects of the Stress Response on Immune Function in Invertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective on an Ancient Connection","volume":"62","author":"Adamo S. A.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hormones and Behavior"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","unstructured":"Amodeo M. E.2025.ZIMS in Research: Are Zoo and Aquarium Populations Becoming Smaller and Less Diverse?Species 360.https:\/\/species360.org\/zims-in-research\/zims-in-research-aza-researchers-use-zims-data-to-uncover-trends\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1201\/9781003429425-23","volume-title":"Zoo Animal Welfare","author":"Andrews J. E.","year":"2025"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","unstructured":"Association of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA).2016.AZA Policy on Responsible Population Management. AZA.https:\/\/assets.speakcdn.com\/assets\/2332\/aza_policy_on_responsible_population_management_final.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","unstructured":"Association of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA).2025a.2025 Accreditation Standards and Related Policies. AZA.https:\/\/www.aza.org\/accred-materials."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","volume-title":"Animal Care Manuals","author":"Association of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA)","year":"2025"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1002\/zoo.21741","article-title":"Strategies for Establishing and Using Genome Resource Banks to Protect Genetic Diversity in Conservation Breeding Programs","volume":"42","author":"Ballou J. D.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Zoo Biology"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","first-page":"219","volume-title":"Wild Mammals in Captivity: Principles and Techniques for Zoo Management","author":"Ballou J. D.","year":"2010"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","first-page":"166","article-title":"Status of Animal Welfare Research in Zoos and Aquariums: Where Are We, Where to Next?","volume":"8","author":"Binding S.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Zoo and Aquarium Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1002\/zoo.21825","article-title":"Impacts of the COVID\u201019 Pandemic on Population Management in AZA","volume":"43","author":"Bladow R. A.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Zoo Biology"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1079\/9780851993591.0337","volume-title":"The Biology of Animal Stress: Basic Principles and Implications for Animal Welfare","author":"Carlstead K.","year":"2000"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.3390\/jzbg5030028","article-title":"Evaluating Potential Indicators of Welfare for Zoo Birds During an Avian Influenza Enforced Housing Order","volume":"5","author":"Collard T.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens"},{"issue":"12","key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0080311","article-title":"Zoos Through the Lens of the IUCN Red List: A Global Metapopulation Approach to Support Conservation Breeding Programs","volume":"8","author":"Conde D. A.","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","first-page":"145","article-title":"Biobanking and Fertility Preservation for Rare and Endangered Species","volume":"162","author":"Comizzoli P.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","first-page":"307","volume-title":"Handbook of Laboratory Animal Science: Vol 1. Essential Principles and Practices","author":"Curfs J.","year":"2011"},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13101577","article-title":"Integrating Individual Animal and Population Welfare in Zoos and Aquariums","volume":"13","author":"DiVincenti L.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-23633-5_5","volume-title":"Reproductive Sciences in Animal Conservation","author":"Edwards K. L.","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2023.1250251","article-title":"Choice, Control, and Animal Welfare: Definitions and Essential Inquiries to Advance Animal Welfare Science","volume":"10","author":"Englund M. D.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Frontiers in Veterinary Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/zoo.21471"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_12_21_1","article-title":"Do Handling and Transport Stress Influence Adrenocortical Response in the Tortoises (Testudo hermanni)?","volume":"2014","author":"Fazio E.","year":"2014","journal-title":"International Scholarly Research Notices"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1002\/zoo.21461","article-title":"The Importance of Permits for Effective Population Management","volume":"38","author":"Ferrer N.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Zoo Biology"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/oik.10490"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2022.0332"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0962728600022570"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_12_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1002\/zoo.21724","article-title":"Influence of Institutional Attributes on Fulfillment of Transfer and Breeding Recommendations in Zoos and Aquariums","volume":"42","author":"Gray S. M.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Zoo Biology"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1002\/zoo.21761","article-title":"Institutional Networks in Cooperative Population Management: Exploring Patterns in Transfer Fulfillment","volume":"42","author":"Gray S. M.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Zoo Biology"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_28_1","article-title":"A Coordinated U.S. Biobank Alliance for the Zoological and Conservation Community","author":"Johnston R. A.","journal-title":"Zoo Biology"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_29_1","unstructured":"Kimble R. andJ.Baltas.2025. \u201cNew USFWS Injurious Wildlife 5\u2010Year Multi\u2010Use Reciprocal Transport Permit.\u201d Presented at Zoo Registrars Association Annual Conference Miami FL November 5."},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_12_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1601-5215.2002.140603.x","article-title":"Stressor\u2010Induced Modulation of Immune Function: A Review of Acute, Chronic Effects in Animals","volume":"14","author":"Kusnecov A. W.","year":"2002","journal-title":"Acta Neuropsychiatrica"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_12_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.24191\/scl.v19i1.6356","article-title":"Abnormal Behaviors in Captive Wildlife: To Keep or Not to Keep?","volume":"19","author":"Limin N. A.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Science Letters"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_12_32_1","first-page":"49","article-title":"The International Transportation of Zoo Animals: Conserving Biological Diversity and Protecting Animal Welfare","volume":"44","author":"Linhart P.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Veterinaria Italiana"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1079\/PAVSNNR201611010","article-title":"Animal\u2010Based Indicators to Assess Welfare in Zoo Animals","volume":"11","author":"Manteca X.","year":"2016","journal-title":"CAB Reviews"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_12_34_1","first-page":"837","article-title":"Husbandry and Management Interventions for the Conservation and Welfare of Captive Animals \u2013 A Systematic Evidence Map","volume":"13","author":"Martin T.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Zoo and Aquarium Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_35_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Seventh Conference on Zoo and Wildlife Nutrition","author":"Maslanka M.","year":"2007"},{"issue":"12","key":"e_1_2_12_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2010.08.011","article-title":"Species Differences in Responses to Captivity: Stress, Welfare and the Comparative Method","volume":"25","author":"Mason G. J.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trends in Ecology and Evolution"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_37_1","article-title":"Utah's Largest Zoo Adapts to Climate Change to Protect Its Animals","author":"McClellan A.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Daily Utah Chronicle"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_12_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1638\/2017-0239","article-title":"Comparison Between Standard Zoo Quarantine Practices and Risk\u2010Based Management of Animal Transfers: A Retrospective Analysis of Avian Acquisition Morbidity and Mortality (2013\u20132018)","volume":"51","author":"McLean K. M.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Zoo Wildlife Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_39_1","first-page":"145","volume-title":"Proceedings of the AAZV, AAWV, and Wildlife Disease Association Joint Conference 1995","author":"Miller R. E.","year":"1995"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.therwi.2023.100017","article-title":"Development of a Diluent Storage Media and Effect of Cryoprotectants on Semen Collected From White Spotted Bamboo Sharks (Chiloscyllium plagiosum) and Cooled to 5\u00b0C","volume":"2","author":"Montano G. A.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Theriogenology Wild"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_12_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2006.05.032","article-title":"Sources of Stress in Captivity","volume":"102","author":"Morgan K. N.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Applied Animal Behaviour Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_42_1","first-page":"155","article-title":"Monitoring Technologies for Animal Welfare: A Review of Aspirations and Deployments in Zoos","author":"Morrison A.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Future Technologies Conference (FTC)"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_12_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.3390\/jzbg5040038","article-title":"The Concept of Agency, Animal Wellbeing, and the Practical Realities of Ex Situ Breeding Programs in Zoos and Aquariums","volume":"5","author":"Norman M.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciw326"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-23633-5_15","volume-title":"Reproductive Sciences in Animal Conservation","author":"Penfold L. M.","year":"2019"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_12_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1638\/2019-0029","article-title":"Challenges to Animal Welfare During Transportation of Wild Mammals: A Review (1990\u20102020)","volume":"52","author":"Pohlin F.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_12_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1638\/2018-0092.1","article-title":"Risk Analysis: Changing the Quarantine Paradigm?","volume":"49","author":"Pye G. W.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_48_1","first-page":"424","volume-title":"Wild Mammals in Captivity: Principles and Techniques for Zoo Management","author":"Ramirez K.","year":"2013"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_12_49_1","first-page":"142","article-title":"Insect Zoos and Butterfly Houses for Public Education: Issues Related to Shipping and International Trade of Non\u2010Native Insects","volume":"41","author":"Saul\u2010Gershenz L.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Revue Scientifique et Technique (International Office of Epizootics)"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_12_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jepm.2014.06.004","article-title":"How to Assess Stress in Reptiles","volume":"23","author":"Silvestre A. M.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine"},{"issue":"16","key":"e_1_2_12_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13162548","article-title":"Fish Welfare in Public Aquariums and Zoological Collections","volume":"13","author":"Smith S. A.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_52_1","unstructured":"Species360.2025.Zoological Information Management System (ZIMS). Species360."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2025.111429","article-title":"The Zoo Sphere of Influence Model","volume":"311","author":"Spooner S. L.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biological Conservation"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/tbed\/5805846"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_2_12_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10112116","article-title":"How to Handle Your Dragon: Does Handling Duration Affect the Behaviour of Bearded Dragons (Pogona vitticeps)?","volume":"10","author":"Stockley V. R.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Animals"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_12_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.7120\/09627286.21.4.463","article-title":"Ratings of Animal Personality as a Tool for Improving the Breeding, Management and Welfare of Zoo Mammals","volume":"21","author":"Tetley C. L.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Animal Welfare"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_57_1","unstructured":"Tracks Software. n.d. \u201cTracks Software.\u201d Retrieved October 27 2025.http:\/\/trackssoftware.com\/."},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_12_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.26451\/abc.06.03.01.2019","article-title":"Monitoring the Behavior and Habitat Use of Animals to Enhance Welfare Using the Zoomonitor App","volume":"6","author":"Wark J. D.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Animal Behavior and Cognition"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_12_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1136\/inp.f1197","article-title":"Assessing Reptile Welfare Using Behavioural Criteria","volume":"35","author":"Warwick C.","year":"2013","journal-title":"In Practice"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_2_12_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2003.223.973","article-title":"Stress and Distress: Evaluating Their Impact for the Well\u2010Being of Zoo Animals","volume":"223","author":"Wielebnowski N.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_2_12_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ani8070110","article-title":"Assessment of Welfare in Zoo Animals: Towards Optimum Quality of Life","volume":"8","author":"Wolfensohn S.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Animals"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_12_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/jzbg2010001","article-title":"Posture as a Non\u2010Invasive Indicator of Arousal in American Toads (Anaxyrus americanus)","volume":"2","author":"Woody S. M.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens"}],"container-title":["Zoo Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/zoo.70117","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/zoo.70117","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/zoo.70117","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T12:54:16Z","timestamp":1791464056000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/zoo.70117"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]]},"references-count":61,"alternative-id":["10.1002\/zoo.70117"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/zoo.70117","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0733-3188","1098-2361"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0733-3188","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-2361","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-12-03","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-09-24","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-10-08","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"zoo.70117"}}