{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T05:03:01Z","timestamp":1789362181330,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"American Geophysical Union (AGU)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,25]],"date-time":"2014-08-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1408924800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":24,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,1]],"date-time":"2014-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1406851200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JGR Space Physics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Type II solar radio bursts are often indicators for impending space weather events at Earth. They are consequences of shock waves driven by coronal mass ejections (CMEs) that move outward from the Sun. We simulate such type II radio bursts by combining elaborate three\u2010dimensional (3\u2010D) magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) predictions of realistic CMEs near the Sun with an analytic kinetic radiation theory developed recently. The simulation approach includes the reconstruction of initial solar magnetic fields, the dimensioning of the initial flux rope of the CME with STEREO spacecraft data, and the launch of the CME into an empirical data\u2010driven corona and solar wind. In this paper, we simulate a complicated double CME event (a very fast CME followed by a slower CME without interaction) and the related coronal and interplanetary type II radio bursts that occurred on 7 March 2012. We extend our previous work to show harmonic and interplanetary emission as well as the simulation's surprising ability (for these events at least) for predicting emission for two closely spaced CMEs leaving the same active region. We demonstrate that the theory predicts well the observed fundamental and harmonic emission from \u223c20\u2009MHz to 50 kHz or from the high corona to near 1 AU. Specifically, the theory predicts flux, frequency, and time variations that are consistent with the presence or absence of observed type II emissions when interfering emissions are absent and are not inconsistent with observations when interfering type III bursts are present. The predicted and observed type II emission is predominantly fundamental for these two events. Harmonic emission occurs for the second CME only for a short time interval, when an extended shock has developed that can drive flank emission. The coronal and interplanetary emission follow closely hyperbolic lines in frequency\u2010time space, consisting of a succession of islands of emission with varying intensity. The islands develop due to competition between the shock moving through varying coronal and solar wind magnetic field structures (e.g., loops and streamers), growth of the driven radio source due to the spherical expansion of the shock, and movement of the active radio sources from the shock's nose to its flanks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/2014ja019950","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,4]],"date-time":"2014-08-04T14:44:16Z","timestamp":1407163456000},"page":"6042-6061","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["RETRACTED: The solar type II radio bursts of 7 March 2012: Detailed simulation analyses"],"prefix":"10.1029","volume":"119","author":[{"given":"J. M.","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physics University of Sydney  Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iver H.","family":"Cairns","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physics University of Sydney  Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V. V.","family":"Lobzin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physics University of Sydney  Sydney New South Wales Australia"},{"name":"Learmonth Solar Observatory IPS Radio and Space Services, Bureau of Meteorology  Exmouth Western Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/519788"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/BF03352940"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/1999JA000262"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/1999GL900293"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.astro.36.1.131"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/432407"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/JA091iA03p02975"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-90-481-9787-3_23"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0004-637X\/706\/2\/L265"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/GL008i012p01285"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2007SW000375"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/511154"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2007JA012797"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0004-637X\/712\/2\/1219"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2006GL028522"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11214\u2010006\u20109019\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","first-page":"243","article-title":"Coronal mass ejections of solar cycle 23","volume":"27","author":"Gopalswamy N.","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2000JA900093"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2010.02.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2011JA016754"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2011JA016755"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/JA086iA06p04531"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11214-008-9341-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4612-1442-7_5"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11214-007-9277-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/157789"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2004JA010452"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2001JA000053"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2002JA009508"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2003JA009960"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_32_1","article-title":"Interaction of a collisionless shock wave and a stream of particles in the upper solar corona","volume":"15","author":"Lacombe C.","year":"1971","journal-title":"Astron. Astrophys."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/498148"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11207-011-9776-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/96JA02871"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_36_1","article-title":"Type III radio bursts perturbed by weak coronal shocks","volume":"753","author":"Li B.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sol. Phys."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3319\/TAO.2012.05.08.01(SEC)"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/GL016i008p00923"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/97GL00992"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2003JA010150"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361:20034396"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361:20010607"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_43_1","volume-title":"Solar Radiophysics: Studies of Emission From the Sun at Metre Wavelengths","author":"Nelson G. J.","year":"1985"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/178164"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/378944"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00159-008-0013-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0004-637X\/745\/2\/151"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jcph.1999.6299"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2009JA014680"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/1999JA900143"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_51_1","article-title":"Remote radio tracking of interplanetary CMEs","author":"Reiner M. J.","year":"1997","journal-title":"Proc. ESLAB Symp., 31st, 183, ESTEC, Noordwijk, Netherlands"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/97GL00472"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/98JA02614"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2005JA011476"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1005018918391"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1005033015723"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/378878"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/392504"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2011JA017318"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2012JA017932"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/2013JA019349"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2007JA013002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/2041-8205\/773\/2\/L30"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_64_1","unstructured":"Schwer K. R.\u2009B.Lilly B.\u2009J.Thompson andD.\u2009A.Brewer(2002) The SDO Mission Abstract SH21C\u201001 presented at 2002 Fall Meeting AGU San Francisco Calif. 6\u201010 Dec."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2010JA015809"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/1999JA000381"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_67_1","first-page":"289","volume-title":"Solar Radiophysics: Studies of Emission from the Sun at Metre Wavelengths","author":"Suzuki S.","year":"1985"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_68_1","first-page":"707","article-title":"Basic topology of twisted magnetic configurations in solar flares","volume":"351","author":"Titov V. S.","year":"1999","journal-title":"Astron. Astrophys."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2011.02.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/94JA02420"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/156GM21"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.aa.10.090172.001111"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/1999JA900099"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1029\/jgra.70671","type":"retraction","label":"Retraction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,13]],"date-time":"2026-09-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789257600000}}],"container-title":["Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2F2014JA019950","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2F2014JA019950","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/2014JA019950","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/2014JA019950","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/2014JA019950","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T00:24:17Z","timestamp":1789172657000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/2014JA019950"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,8]]},"references-count":72,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/2014JA019950"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/2014ja019950","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2169-9380","2169-9402"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2169-9380","type":"print"},{"value":"2169-9402","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,8]]}}}