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Here we report on our investigation of the environmental and paleomagnetic information that has been recorded in speleothems, and what are the factors that control its preservation and reliability. To address these issues, we used a multidisciplinary approach, including rock magnetism, petrography, scanning electron microscopy, stable carbon and oxygen isotope compositions, and major and trace element concentrations. We applied this to a set of samples from different stages of speleothem evolution: present\u2010day dripwater (glass plates), a weathered stalactite, a fresh stalagmite, cave sediments, and terra rossa soils. These samples come from the Penico and Excentricas caves, located in two distinct aquifers of the Algarve region, South Portugal. Our results show that the main magnetic carriers of the speleothems under study are primary (detrital) and consist of maghemite (and magnetite?). Similarities in coercivity and temperature dependence of the studied set of samples suggest that iron oxides are inherited from the terra rossa soils that cap the cave and were transported to the speleothems by dripwater. Hence, they represent a regional environmental signature. Interestingly, a stable and probably detrital remanent magnetization could be isolated in the fresh stalagmite, whereas the weathered stalactite yielded chaotic magnetic directions and very low remanent intensities. We propose that these low intensities can be the result from (i) different remanence acquisition mechanisms between stalagmite and stalactite and\/or (ii) iron dissolution by fungal activity. We also suggest that magnetic properties and color and the content in detrital elements in the fresh speleothem inform about environmental processes acting on the interface of rock (soil)\u2010atmosphere, while oxygen isotope composition and alkaline\u2010earth element concentrations inform about calcite\u2010water interaction processes. These results provide a better understanding of how environmental information is recorded in speleothems and what the factors are that control the reliability of the paleomagnetic and paleo\u2010environmental signal.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/2014jb011381","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,29]],"date-time":"2014-10-29T05:58:37Z","timestamp":1414562317000},"page":"7993-8020","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Magnetic fingerprint of southern Portuguese speleothems and implications for paleomagnetism and environmental magnetism"],"prefix":"10.1029","volume":"119","author":[{"given":"Eric","family":"Font","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"IDL\u2010FCUL, Instituto Dom Lu\u00eds, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias Universidade de Lisboa  Lisbon Portugal"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Veiga\u2010Pires","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIMA\u2010FCT Universidade do Algarve  Faro Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6706-440X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel","family":"Pozo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Geolog\u00eda y Geoqu\u00edmica Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Madrid  Madrid Spain"}]},{"given":"Claire","family":"Carvallo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Min\u00e9ralogie, de Physique des Min\u00e9raux et de Cosmochimie Sorbonne Universit\u00e9s\u2010Pierre and Marie Curie University of Paris 06, UMR CNRS 7590, Mus\u00e9um National d'Histoire Naturelle, IRD UMR 206  Paris France"}]},{"given":"Ant\u00f3nio Carlos","family":"de Siqueira Neto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IAG\u2010USP Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo  S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"}]},{"given":"Pierre","family":"Camps","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"G\u00e9osciences Montpellier, CNRS and Universit\u00e9 de Montpellier  France"}]},{"given":"S\u00e9bastien","family":"Fabre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRAP, CNRS\u2010Universit\u00e9 Paul Sabatier-IRD  Toulouse France"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Mir\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HERCULES Centre, ECT\u2010Geosciences Department, University of \u00c9vora  \u00c9vora Portugal"}]}],"member":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2010GC003481"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/36540"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0012-821X(83)90108-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ball J. 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