{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T15:40:39Z","timestamp":1770133239902,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"American Geophysical Union (AGU)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,20]],"date-time":"2015-02-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1424390400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":19,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"Numerical Weather Prediction Satellite Applications Facility (NWP SAF)"},{"name":"EUMETSAT as part of the SAF Visiting Scientists programme"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JGR Oceans"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Kinetic energy variance as a function of spatial scale for wind fields is commonly estimated either using second\u2010order structure functions (in the spatial domain) or by spectral analysis (in the frequency domain). Both techniques give an order\u2010of\u2010magnitude estimate. More accurate estimates are given by a statistic called spatial variance. Spatial variances have a clear interpretation and are tolerant for missing data. They can be related to second\u2010order structure functions, both for discrete and continuous data. Spatial variances can also be Fourier transformed to yield a relation with spectra. The flexibility of spatial variances is used to study various sampling strategies, and to compare them with second\u2010order structure functions and spectral variances. It is shown that the spectral sampling strategy is not seriously biased to calm conditions for scatterometer ocean surface vector winds. When the second\u2010order structure function behaves like \n<jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/jgrc21113-math-0001.png\" xlink:title=\"urn:x-wiley:21699275:media:jgrc21113:jgrc21113-math-0001\"\/>, its ratio with the spatial variance equals \n<jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/jgrc21113-math-0002.png\" xlink:title=\"urn:x-wiley:21699275:media:jgrc21113:jgrc21113-math-0002\"\/>. Ocean surface winds in the tropics have \n<jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/jgrc21113-math-0003.png\" xlink:title=\"urn:x-wiley:21699275:media:jgrc21113:jgrc21113-math-0003\"\/> between 2\/3 and 1, so one\u2010sixth to one\u2010fifth of the second\u2010order structure function value is a good proxy for the cumulative variance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/2014jc010239","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,29]],"date-time":"2015-01-29T11:34:57Z","timestamp":1422531297000},"page":"1048-1064","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Spatial variances of wind fields and their relation to second\u2010order structure functions and spectra"],"prefix":"10.1029","volume":"120","author":[{"given":"Jur","family":"Vogelzang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"KNMI Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute De Bilt Netherlands"}]},{"given":"Gregory P.","family":"King","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Geofisica\u2014IDL, Universidade de Lisboa Lisboa Portugal"},{"name":"Now at Institut de Ci\u00e8ncies del Mar \u2014 CSIC"},{"name":"Institut de Ci\u00e8ncies del Mar\u2014CSIC Barcelona Spain"},{"name":"School of Marine Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology Nanjing China"}]},{"given":"Ad","family":"Stoffelen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KNMI Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute De Bilt Netherlands"}]}],"member":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/PROC.1966.4634"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02065813"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TASE.2010.2041775"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1994)051<2434:TAOFSC>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.95.214501"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5589\/m02\u2010035"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0426(2001)018"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(2001)040<0246:SOTDTV>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0485(1986)016<0741:WSOPWM>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139170666"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/2009JCLI2934.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/2014JC009992"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","unstructured":"KNMI (2013) ASCAT Wind Product User Manual EUMETSAT OSI SAF report SAF\/OSI\/CDOP\/KNMI\/TEC\/MA\/126 KNMI De Bilt Netherlands. 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