{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,18]],"date-time":"2026-01-18T07:11:03Z","timestamp":1768720263223,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"American Geophysical Union (AGU)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,21]],"date-time":"2015-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1442793600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":20,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"FCT","award":["SFRH\/BPD\/89923\/2012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BPD\/89923\/2012"]}]},{"name":"NERC","award":["NE\/C003438\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NE\/C003438\/1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JGR Solid Earth"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>GPS\u2010observed vertical ocean tide loading displacements show in Cornwall, southwest England, and in Brittany, northwest France, discrepancies of 2\u20133\u2009mm with predicted values based on the isotropic Preliminary Reference Earth Model for the main tidal harmonic M<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>, yet in central Europe the agreement is better than 0.5\u2009mm. By comparison of ocean tide models and validation with tide gauge observations, we demonstrate that the uncertainties in the former are too small to cause this disagreement. Furthermore, we find that different local models of the crust and different global elastic reference models derived from seismological observations can only reduce the observed discrepancies to 1\u20132\u2009mm, which still exceeds the GPS observational uncertainty of 0.2\u20130.4\u2009mm. It is customary to use the elastic properties of the Earth as given by seismic models. Previously, there has been insufficient evidence to determine how to modify these properties during the transformation from seismic to tidal frequencies to account for possible anelastic dispersion in the asthenosphere, and so this effect has been ignored. If we include this effect, then our discrepancies reduce further to 0.2\u20130.4\u2009mm. This value is of the same order as the sum of the remaining errors due to uncertainties in the ocean tide models and in the GPS observations themselves. This research provides evidence in western Europe of a reduction of around 8\u201310% of the seismic shear modulus in the asthenosphere at tidal frequencies. In addition, we find that the asthenosphere absorption band frequencies can be represented by a constant quality factor<jats:italic>Q<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/2015jb011884","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,14]],"date-time":"2015-08-14T02:49:16Z","timestamp":1439520556000},"page":"6540-6557","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":63,"title":["Ocean tide loading displacements in western Europe: 2. GPS\u2010observed anelastic dispersion in the asthenosphere"],"prefix":"10.1029","volume":"120","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1946-8637","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Machiel S.","family":"Bos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute D. Luis University of Beira Interior Covilh\u00e3 Portugal"}]},{"given":"Nigel T.","family":"Penna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering and Geosciences Newcastle University Newcastle upon Tyne UK"}]},{"given":"Trevor F.","family":"Baker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Oceanography Centre Liverpool UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1276-8300","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter J.","family":"Clarke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering and Geosciences Newcastle University Newcastle upon Tyne UK"}]}],"member":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-044452748-6.00056-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2004GL020588"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspa.1959.0138"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","first-page":"197","article-title":"Tidal deformations of the Earth","volume":"69","author":"Baker T. F.","year":"1984","journal-title":"Sci. Prog."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2002JB002082"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00190-005-0442-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1785\/0120050077"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","unstructured":"Carr\u00e8re L. F.Lyard M.Cancet A.Guillot andL.Roblou(2012) FES2012: A new global tidal model taking advantage of nearly 20\u2009years of altimetry Proceedings of the 20 Years of Progress in Radar Altimetry Symposium Venice Italy."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0040-1951(98)00193-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","unstructured":"Cheng Y. andO. B.Andersen(2010) Improvement in global ocean tide model in shallow water regions Poster SV.1\u201068 45 OSTST Lisbon Oct.18\u201022."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","volume-title":"Theoretical Global Seismology","author":"Dahlen F. A.","year":"1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/96JC03854"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/1998JB900051"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9201(81)90046-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0426(2002)019<0183:EIMOBO>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/RG010i003p00761"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/JC095iC07p11411"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00190-011-0528-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2001GL012886"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-246X.2004.02410.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-246X.1971.tb01838.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.332.6032.891-f"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-246X.1991.tb06724.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-246X.1995.tb03540.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2000GL011890"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2007JB005169"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","volume-title":"Geophysical Geodesy: The Slow Deformations of the Earth","author":"Lambeck K.","year":"1988"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsl.2008.10.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10236-006-0086-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csr.2007.06.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-246X.1990.tb01790.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2005JB004047"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00190-008-0220-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/2015JB011882"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","first-page":"179","volume-title":"IERS Conventions","author":"Petit G.","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2002JB001801"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmarsys.2011.09.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_39_1","unstructured":"Ray R. D.(1999) A global ocean tide model from TOPEX\/POSEIDON altimetry: GOT99.2 NASA Technical Memorandum 209478."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jgrc.20336"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_41_1","unstructured":"Savcenko R. M.Gebler andW.Bosch(2011) Validation of recent tide models by means of crossover differences and time series of bottom pressure and tide gauges Geophys. Res. Abstracts 13(EGU2011\u20108343)."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/160554"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03655300","article-title":"Ocean tide loading: Propagation of errors from the ocean tide onto loading coefficients","volume":"18","author":"Scherneck H.\u2010G.","year":"1993","journal-title":"Manuscr. Geodaet."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsta.2010.0042"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_45_1","unstructured":"Smithson M. J.(1992) Pelagic tidal constants 3 Publication Scientifique no. 35 The International Association for the Physical Sciences of the Ocean (IAPSO) of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/2014RG000450"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-246X.2008.03734.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2012.06.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_49_1","first-page":"9425","article-title":"The nanogal software: Earth tide data processing package ETERNA 3.30","volume":"124","author":"Wenzel H.\u2010G.","year":"1996","journal-title":"Bull. Inf. Mar. Terr."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/96JB00104"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/2013EO450001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsl.2012.08.035"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/91JB00424"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0924-7963(94)00014-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-67097-8_7"}],"container-title":["Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2F2015JB011884","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2F2015JB011884","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/2015JB011884","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/2015JB011884","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/2015JB011884","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,30]],"date-time":"2025-05-30T00:17:40Z","timestamp":1748564260000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/2015JB011884"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,9]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/2015JB011884"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/2015jb011884","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2169-9313","2169-9356"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2169-9313","type":"print"},{"value":"2169-9356","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,9]]}}}