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However, drivers and underlying mechanisms determining NEP<jats:sub>c<\/jats:sub> (e.g., climate and nutrients) are not entirely understood yet, particularly when considering the influence of past periods. Here we explored the explanatory power of the compensation day (cDOY)<jats:bold>\u2014<\/jats:bold>defined as the day of year when winter net carbon losses are compensated by spring assimilation<jats:bold>\u2014<\/jats:bold>for NEP<jats:sub>c<\/jats:sub> in 26 forests in Europe, North America, and Australia, using different NEP<jats:sub>c<\/jats:sub> integration methods. We found cDOY to be a particularly powerful predictor for NEP<jats:sub>c<\/jats:sub> of temperate evergreen needleleaf forests (<jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u2009=\u20090.58) and deciduous broadleaf forests (<jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u2009=\u20090.68). In general, the latest cDOY correlated with the lowest NEP<jats:sub>c<\/jats:sub>. The explanatory power of cDOY depended on the integration method for NEP<jats:sub>c<\/jats:sub>, forest type, and whether the site had a distinct winter net respiratory carbon loss or not. The integration methods starting in autumn led to better predictions of NEP<jats:sub>c<\/jats:sub> from cDOY then the classical calendar method starting 1 January. Limited explanatory power of cDOY for NEP<jats:sub>c<\/jats:sub> was found for warmer sites with no distinct winter respiratory loss period. Our findings highlight the importance of the influence of winter processes and the delayed responses of previous seasons' climatic conditions on current year's NEP<jats:sub>c<\/jats:sub>. Such carry\u2010over effects may contain information from climatic conditions, carbon storage levels, and hydraulic traits of several years back in time.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/2016jg003455","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,27]],"date-time":"2016-12-27T19:25:01Z","timestamp":1482866701000},"page":"243-260","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Winter respiratory C losses provide explanatory power for net ecosystem productivity"],"prefix":"10.1029","volume":"122","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3977-2166","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M.","family":"Haeni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL  Birmensdorf Switzerland"},{"name":"Institute of Agricultural Sciences ETH Z\u00fcrich  Z\u00fcrich Switzerland"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Zweifel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL  Birmensdorf Switzerland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6067-0741","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"W.","family":"Eugster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Agricultural Sciences ETH Z\u00fcrich  Z\u00fcrich Switzerland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1910-9589","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A.","family":"Gessler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL  Birmensdorf Switzerland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5994-5816","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S.","family":"Zielis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Agricultural Sciences ETH Z\u00fcrich  Z\u00fcrich Switzerland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1061-3073","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C.","family":"Bernhofer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut f\u00fcr Hydrologie und Meteorologie, LS Meteorologie TU Dresden  Tharandt Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9095-8807","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A.","family":"Carrara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fundaci\u00f3n CEAM  Valencia Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2263-0073","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"T.","family":"Gr\u00fcnwald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut f\u00fcr Hydrologie und Meteorologie, LS Meteorologie TU Dresden  Tharandt Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0278-6417","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"K.","family":"Havr\u00e1nkov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CzechGlobe\u2010Global Change Research Institute CAS  Brno Czech Republic"}]},{"given":"B.","family":"Heinesch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Exchanges Ecosystem Atmosphere University of Liege\u2014Gembloux Agro\u2010Bio Tech, TERRA  Gembloux Belgium"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Herbst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioclimatology Georg\u2010August\u2010University of G\u00f6ttingen  G\u00f6ttingen Germany"},{"name":"Th\u00fcnen Institute of Climate\u2010Smart Agriculture  Braunschweig Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1341-921X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A.","family":"Ibrom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Engineering Technical University of Denmark  Kongens Lyngby Denmark"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7615-8870","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A.","family":"Knohl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioclimatology Georg\u2010August\u2010University of G\u00f6ttingen  G\u00f6ttingen Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0061-733X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"F.","family":"Lagergren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science Lund University  Lund Sweden"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1605-1203","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"B. 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