{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T01:00:00Z","timestamp":1740099600473,"version":"3.37.3"},"edition-number":"1","reference-count":21,"publisher":"Wiley","isbn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"9781119300755"},{"type":"electronic","value":"9781119300762"}],"license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,29]],"date-time":"2019-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1577577600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,29]],"date-time":"2019-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1577577600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Determining background concentration of pollutants in surface and groundwaters is a particularly difficult task, but a most important one because of the definition of water quality standards. A major difficulty resides in the dynamic, transient, nature of water systems and in pollutant dispersion and persistence, making it difficult to define the range of background and baseline concentrations based in a limited number of samples. The factors that determine the water chemistry are briefly discussed with some relevant examples, because it is essential to understand global water chemistry. A distinction between background concentration of inorganic and organic pollutants is made, which is because the former can have both natural and anthropogenic derived sources, whereas the latter are exclusively because of anthropogenic activities. Current practice determines background (as well as baseline) concentrations using a representative set of water samples and applying statistical techniques jointly with historical data, down\u2010gradient profiles, extrapolation, and geochemical modelling.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119300762.wsts0121","type":"other","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,30]],"date-time":"2019-12-30T06:19:16Z","timestamp":1577686756000},"page":"1-5","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Background Concentration of Pollutants"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1898-0727","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u00e1rio A.","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_4_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781444300345.ch1"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_3_1","first-page":"207","volume-title":"Treatise on Geochemistry \u2013 Surface and Ground Water, Weathering, and Soils","author":"Meybeck M.","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_4_1","first-page":"195","volume-title":"Treatise on Geochemistry \u2013 Surface and Ground Water, Weathering, and Soils","author":"Gaillardet J.","year":"2014"},{"volume-title":"The Geochemistry of Natural Waters","year":"1997","author":"Drever J.I.","key":"e_1_2_4_5_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/333134a0"},{"volume-title":"Geochemistry in Mineral Exploration","year":"1962","author":"Hawkes H.E.","key":"e_1_2_4_7_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2005.01.047"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2004.11.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0048-9697(02)00620-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2008.03.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781444300345"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeochem.2005.03.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Edmunds W.M. Brewerton L.J. Shand P. andSmedley P.L.(1997).The natural (baseline) quality of groundwater in England and Wales. Part 1. A guide to the natural baseline quality study. British Geological Survey Technical Report WD\/97\/51 Keyworth.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781444300345.ch1"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-7037(71)90019-6"},{"volume-title":"Exploratory Data Analysis","year":"1977","author":"Tukey J.W.","key":"e_1_2_4_16_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_17_1","first-page":"481","volume-title":"Metals and Their Compounds in the Environment","author":"Kieffer F.","year":"1992"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0883-2927(02)00018-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781444300345.ch4"},{"volume-title":"Aqueous Environmental Geochemistry","year":"1996","author":"Langmuir D.","key":"e_1_2_4_20_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-5162(98)00071-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781444300345.ch3"}],"container-title":["Encyclopedia of Water"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2F9781119300762.wsts0121","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/9781119300762.wsts0121","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/9781119300762.wsts0121","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/9781119300762.wsts0121","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,24]],"date-time":"2023-09-24T13:18:12Z","timestamp":1695561492000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/9781119300762.wsts0121"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,29]]},"ISBN":["9781119300755","9781119300762"],"references-count":21,"alternative-id":["10.1002\/9781119300762.wsts0121","10.1002\/9781119300762"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/9781119300762.wsts0121","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,29]]}}}