{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T16:13:28Z","timestamp":1759335208587},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,7,20]],"date-time":"2006-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1153353600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":12605,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Intl Journal of Cancer"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1972,1,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>According to the inactive\u2010X hypothesis only one of the two genes at X\u2010linked loci is active in somatic cells of females. Thus, in women heterozygous for the A and B genes at the X\u2010linked glucose\u20106\u2010phosphate dehydrogenase (G\u20106\u2010PD) locus, single cells or clones of cells show either type A or type B enzyme. Similarly, pure tumors with a clonal origin arising in G\u20106\u2010PD heterozygotes exhibit only type A or B enzyme, while those with multiple cell origin may show both A and B enzymes. The G\u20106\u2010PD types of normal and neoplastic tissue were determined in 28 patients with tumors of the head and neck who were heterozygous at the G\u20106\u2010PD locus. Normal tissues contained two enzyme types. Only one tumor from the 11 patients with anaplastic carcinoma of the nasopharynx was pure enough (i. e., with a relatively small number of non\u2010tumor cells) to allow firm conclusions. This tumor had a single enzyme phenotype and this is compatible with a clonal origin. Single enzyme phenotypes were also found in the two benign tumors and in single cases of plasmacytoma, melanoma, neuroblastoma and reticulum\u2010cell sarcoma. The data from three cases of carcinoma of the palate and from single cases of carcinoma of an ectopic salivary gland and the thyroid gland respectively are also compatible with a clonal origin. Only one relatively pure tumor had a double enzyme phenotype, but even in this case, the evidence for a multiple cell origin is not convincing. Thus, the data in this and other studies suggest that at least one step in the development of most human neoplasms occurs in a single cell, i. e., the mature tumors have a clonal origin.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.2910090116","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,9,24]],"date-time":"2008-09-24T14:15:20Z","timestamp":1222265720000},"page":"133-142","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Evidence for a clonal origin of head and neck tumors"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Philip J.","family":"Fialkow","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"George M.","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"George","family":"Klein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Clifford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Surjit","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,7,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM196702162760706"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.48.1.9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","first-page":"47","article-title":"Methods for the quantitative morphologic analysis of tissue","volume":"4","author":"Chalkley H. 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